Na ganimasu sauyawayawanci ana amfani dashi a cikin Ethernetmasu sauyawasun haɗa da SFP, GBIC, XFP, da XENPAK.
Cikakken sunayensu na Ingilishi:
SFP: Karamin Form-factorPluggable transceiver, ƙaramin nau'i mai fa'ida mai haɗawa
GBIC: GigaBit InterfaceConverter, Gigabit Ethernet Interface Converter
XFP: 10-Gigabit smallForm-factor Pluggable transceiver 10 Gigabit Ethernet interface
Karamin fakitin toshe transceiver
XENPAK: 10-Gigabit EtherNetTransceiverPAcKage 10 Gigabit Ethernet interface transceiver saitin kunshin.
Mai haɗa fiber na gani
Haɗin fiber na gani ya ƙunshi fiber na gani da filogi a ƙarshen ƙarshen fiber na gani, kuma filogin ya ƙunshi fil da tsarin kullewa na gefe. Dangane da hanyoyin kulle daban-daban, ana iya raba masu haɗin fiber optic zuwa nau'in FC, nau'in SC, nau'in LC, nau'in ST da nau'in KTRJ.
Mai haɗin FC yana ɗaukar tsarin kulle zare, haɗin haɗin fiber ne mai motsi wanda aka ƙirƙira a baya kuma ana amfani dashi mafi yawa.
SC haɗin gwiwa ne na rectangular wanda NTT ya haɓaka. Ana iya toshe shi kai tsaye kuma a cire shi ba tare da haɗin dunƙule ba. Idan aka kwatanta da mai haɗin FC, yana da ƙaramin sarari aiki kuma yana da sauƙin amfani. Kayayyakin Ethernet mara ƙarancin ƙarewa na gama gari.
LC mai haɗa mini-type SC ne wanda LUCENT ya haɓaka. Yana da ƙaramin ƙarami kuma an yi amfani dashi sosai a cikin tsarin. Hanya ce don haɓaka masu haɗin fiber optic masu aiki a nan gaba. Kayayyakin Ethernet mara ƙarancin ƙarewa na gama gari.
Mai haɗin ST AT & T ne ya haɓaka kuma yana amfani da tsarin kulle nau'in bayoneti. Babban sigogi suna daidai da masu haɗin FC da SC, amma ba a saba amfani da shi a cikin kamfanoni. Yawancin lokaci ana amfani da shi don na'urorin multimode don haɗawa tare da wasu masana'antun An yi amfani da ƙarin lokacin da ake tashewa.
KTRJ's fil robobi ne. An sanya su ta hanyar fil ɗin ƙarfe. Yayin da adadin lokutan jima'i ya karu, saman mating ɗin zai ƙare, kuma kwanciyar hankali na dogon lokaci ba shi da kyau kamar na masu haɗin yumbura.
Ilimin fiber
Fiber na gani shine madugu wanda ke watsa raƙuman haske. Za a iya raba fiber na gani zuwa fiber-mode fiber da Multi-mode fiber daga yanayin watsawar gani.
A cikin nau'i-nau'i na fiber guda ɗaya, akwai ainihin asali guda ɗaya kawai na watsawar gani, wato, haske yana watsawa kawai tare da ainihin ciki na fiber. Saboda yanayin watsawa gaba ɗaya an kauce masa kuma tashar watsawa na fiber-mode guda ɗaya yana da faɗi, ya dace da sadarwar fiber mai sauri da nesa.
Akwai hanyoyi da yawa na watsawar gani a cikin fiber multimode. Saboda tarwatsawa ko ɓarna, wannan fiber ɗin yana da ƙarancin aikin watsawa, ƙaramar mitar mitar, ƙaramar watsawa, da ɗan gajeren nesa.
Siffofin halayen fiber na gani
An zana tsarin fiber na gani ta hanyar sandunan fiber ma'adini da aka riga aka tsara. Diamita na waje na fiber multimode da fiber yanayin guda ɗaya da ake amfani da su don sadarwa shine 125 μm.
Siriri jiki ya kasu kashi biyu: core da cladding Layer. Babban diamita na fiber-mode guda ɗaya shine 8 ~ 10μm, kuma babban diamita na fiber multimode yana da ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙa'idodi guda biyu. Babban diamita shine 62.5μm (daidaitan Amurka) da 50μm (daidaitan Turai).
An bayyana ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun fiber na mu'amala kamar haka: 62.5μm / 125μm fiber multimode, inda 62.5μm ke nufin ainihin diamita na fiber kuma 125μm yana nufin diamita na waje na fiber.
Single-yanayin fiber yana amfani da tsawon zangon 1310nm ko 1550nm.
Multimode zaruruwa amfani da mafi yawa 850 nm haske.
Ana iya bambanta launi daga fiber-mode fiber da Multi-mode fiber. Jikin waje mai nau'in fiber guda ɗaya shine rawaya, kuma nau'in fiber na waje mai nau'in yanayi shine orange-ja.
Gigabit Tantancewar tashar jiragen ruwa
Gigabit tashar jiragen ruwa na gani na iya aiki a cikin duka tilastawa da kuma hanyoyin sasanta kai. A cikin ƙayyadaddun 802.3, tashar tashar gani ta Gigabit tana goyan bayan ƙimar 1000M kawai, kuma tana goyan bayan cikakken duplex biyu (Full) da rabi-duplex (Rabi) yanayin duplex.
Bambanci mafi mahimmanci tsakanin sasantawa ta atomatik da tilastawa shine cewa rafukan lambar da aka aika lokacin da su biyu suka kafa hanyar haɗin jiki sun bambanta. Yanayin sasantawa ta atomatik yana aika / C / code, wanda shine rafi na lambar Kanfigareshan, yayin da yanayin tilastawa yana aika / I / lambar, wanda shine rafi mara amfani.
Tsarin shawarwarin kai tsaye na Gigabit Port Optical
Na farko, an saita ƙarshen duka biyu zuwa yanayin tattaunawa ta atomatik
Bangarorin biyu suna aika rafi / C / code zuwa juna. Idan aka karɓi lambobi 3 a jere / C / kuma rafukan lambar da aka karɓa sun dace da yanayin aiki na gida, za su koma ɗayan ƙungiyar tare da / C / lambar tare da amsa Ack. Bayan karɓar saƙon Ack, ɗan'uwan yayi la'akari da cewa su biyun zasu iya sadarwa da juna kuma saita tashar jiragen ruwa zuwa jihar UP.
Na biyu, Sanya ƙarshen ɗaya zuwa tattaunawa ta atomatik kuma ƙarshen ɗaya zuwa tilas
Ƙarshen sasantawa na kai yana aika / C / rafi, kuma ƙarshen tilastawa yana aika / I / rafi. Ƙarshen tilastawa ba zai iya ba da ƙarshen gida tare da bayanan shawarwari na ƙarshen gida ba, kuma ba zai iya mayar da martani na Ack zuwa ƙarshen nesa ba, don haka ƙarshen tattaunawar kai ya kasance DOWN. Koyaya, ƙarshen tilastawa kanta na iya gano / C / code, kuma yayi la'akari da cewa ƙarshen ƙwararrun tashar tashar jiragen ruwa ce wacce ta dace da kanta, don haka an saita tashar ƙarshen gida kai tsaye zuwa jihar UP.
Na uku, an saita ƙarshen duka zuwa yanayin tilastawa
Duk bangarorin biyu suna aika / I / yawo zuwa juna. Bayan karɓar rafi / I / rafi, ƙarshen ɗaya yana ɗaukar ɗan'uwan a matsayin tashar jiragen ruwa wanda ya dace da kanta, kuma kai tsaye ya saita tashar jiragen ruwa zuwa jihar UP.
Ta yaya fiber ke aiki?
Filayen gani don sadarwa sun ƙunshi filament ɗin gilashi kamar gashi wanda aka lulluɓe da lebur mai kariya. Filayen gilashi da gaske ya ƙunshi sassa biyu: babban diamita na 9 zuwa 62.5 μm, da ƙaramin kayan gilashin mai ratsawa tare da diamita na μm 125. Ko da yake akwai wasu nau'ikan fiber na gani bisa ga kayan da aka yi amfani da su da kuma girma dabam dabam, waɗanda aka fi sani da su anan. Ana watsa haske a cikin babban Layer na fiber a cikin yanayin "jimlar tunani na ciki", wato, bayan hasken ya shiga ɗayan ƙarshen fiber ɗin, ana nuna shi gaba da gaba tsakanin musaya na tsakiya da cladding, sa'an nan kuma ana watsa shi zuwa ga sauran karshen fiber. Fiber na gani mai babban diamita na 62.5 μm da diamita na waje na 125 μm ana kiransa haske 62.5/125 μm.
Menene bambanci tsakanin multimode da fiber yanayin guda ɗaya?
Multimode:
Zaɓuɓɓukan da za su iya yaɗa ɗaruruwa zuwa dubunnan hanyoyin ana kiran su fibers multimode (MM). Bisa ga radial rarraba na refractive index a cikin core da cladding, shi za a iya raba mataki multimode fiber da graded multimode fiber. Kusan dukkan nau'ikan fiber multimode shine 50/125 μm ko 62.5/125 μm, kuma bandwidth (yawan bayanan da fiber ke watsawa) yawanci 200 MHz zuwa 2 GHz. Multimode na gani transceivers iya watsa har zuwa 5 kilomita ta multimode fiber. Yi amfani da diode mai fitar da haske ko Laser azaman tushen haske.
Yanayin guda ɗaya:
Zaɓuɓɓukan da ke iya yaɗa yanayin guda ɗaya kawai ana kiran su fiber-mode fibers. Siffar ma'anar ma'anar filaye na daidaitaccen yanayi guda ɗaya (SM) yana kama da na filaye masu nau'in mataki, sai dai cewa babban diamita ya fi na filaye masu yawa.
Girman fiber na yanayin guda ɗaya shine 9-10 / 125 μm, kuma yana da halaye na bandwidth mara iyaka da ƙarancin hasara fiye da fiber na yanayin multimode. Ana amfani da na'urori masu ɗaukar hoto guda ɗaya don watsa nisa mai nisa, wani lokaci yakan kai kilomita 150 zuwa 200. Yi amfani da LD ko LED tare da kunkuntar layin bakan azaman tushen haske.
Bambanci da haɗin kai:
Kayan aiki guda ɗaya na iya yawanci aiki akan fiber-mode fiber ko multi-mode fiber, yayin da kayan aiki masu yawa suna iyakance don aiki akan fiber-mode fiber.
Menene asarar watsawa yayin amfani da igiyoyin gani?
Wannan ya dogara da tsawon hasken da aka watsa da kuma nau'in fiber da aka yi amfani da shi.
850nm tsayin tsayi don fiber multimode: 3.0 dB / km
1310nm tsayin tsayi don fiber multimode: 1.0 dB / km
1310nm tsayin raƙuman ruwa don fiber-yanayin guda ɗaya: 0.4 dB / km
1550nm tsayin raƙuman ruwa don fiber-yanayin guda ɗaya: 0.2 dB / km
Menene GBIC?
GBIC shine gajartawar Giga Bitrate Interface Converter, wanda shine na'urar mu'amala da ke canza siginar wutar lantarki gigabit zuwa siginar gani. An tsara GBIC don toshe zafi. GBIC samfuri ne mai musanya wanda ya dace da ƙa'idodin ƙasashen duniya. Gigabitmasu sauyawatsara tare da GBIC dubawa mamaye babban kasuwa kaso a kasuwa saboda su m musayar.
Menene SFP?
SFP shine taƙaitaccen SMALL FORM PLUGGABLE, wanda za'a iya fahimta kawai azaman ingantaccen sigar GBIC. Girman tsarin SFP yana raguwa da rabi idan aka kwatanta da tsarin GBIC, kuma adadin tashoshin jiragen ruwa na iya ninka fiye da ninki biyu akan wannan kwamiti. Sauran ayyuka na tsarin SFP daidai suke da na GBIC. Wasucanzamasana'antun suna kiran tsarin SFP ƙaramin GBIC (MINI-GBIC).
Na'urorin gani na gaba dole ne su goyi bayan plugging mai zafi, wato, za'a iya haɗa tsarin ko cire haɗin daga na'urar ba tare da yanke wutar lantarki ba. Saboda tsarin na'urar gani yana da zafi pluggable, masu sarrafa cibiyar sadarwa na iya haɓakawa da faɗaɗa tsarin ba tare da rufe hanyar sadarwa ba. Mai amfani ba ya yin wani bambanci. Sauƙaƙe mai zafi kuma yana sauƙaƙe kulawa gabaɗaya kuma yana bawa masu amfani da ƙarshen damar sarrafa kayan aikin su na transceiver. A lokaci guda, saboda wannan aikin musanya mai zafi, wannan ƙirar yana ba da damar masu gudanar da cibiyar sadarwa don yin gabaɗayan tsare-tsare don farashin transceiver, nisan haɗin kai, da duk hanyoyin sadarwar hanyar sadarwa dangane da buƙatun haɓaka hanyar sadarwa, ba tare da maye gurbin kwamitocin tsarin gaba ɗaya ba.
Na'urorin gani da ke goyan bayan wannan zazzafan musanya a halin yanzu ana samun su a GBIC da SFP. Saboda SFP da SFF kusan girman iri ɗaya ne, ana iya shigar da su kai tsaye cikin allon kewayawa, adana sarari da lokaci akan fakitin, kuma suna da aikace-aikace da yawa. Don haka, ci gabanta na gaba yana da daraja, kuma yana iya yin barazana ga kasuwar SFF.
SFF (Small Form Factor) ƙaramin kayan gani na fakiti yana amfani da ingantattun na'urorin gani na gani da fasahar haɗin kewaye, girman shine rabin na talakawa duplex SC (1X9) fiber optic transceiver module, wanda zai iya ninka adadin tashoshin tashoshin gani a sarari guda. Ƙara yawan tashar tashar jiragen ruwa kuma rage farashin tsarin kowane tashar jiragen ruwa. Kuma saboda ƙaramin kunshin SFF yana amfani da ƙirar KT-RJ mai kama da cibiyar sadarwar jan karfe, girman girman daidai yake da na'urar sadarwar tagulla ta gama gari, wacce ke dacewa da canjin kayan aikin cibiyar sadarwa na tushen jan ƙarfe zuwa fiber mai sauri. hanyoyin sadarwa na gani. Don saduwa da ƙaƙƙarfan haɓakar buƙatun bandwidth na cibiyar sadarwa.
Nau'in haɗin yanar gizo na na'ura
Farashin BNC
Ƙididdigar BNC tana nufin haɗin kebul na coaxial. Ana amfani da ƙirar BNC don haɗin kebul na coaxial 75 ohm. Yana ba da tashoshi biyu na karɓa (RX) da watsawa (TX). Ana amfani dashi don haɗin sigina marasa daidaituwa.
Fiber dubawa
Fiber interface shine hanyar haɗin jiki da ake amfani dashi don haɗa igiyoyin fiber optic. Yawancin nau'ikan iri kamar SC, ST, LC, FC. Don haɗin 10Base-F, mai haɗawa yawanci nau'in ST ne, kuma ɗayan ƙarshen FC yana da alaƙa da facin fiber optic. FC shine gajartawar FerruleConnector. Hanyar ƙarfafawa ta waje shine hannun hannu na ƙarfe kuma hanyar ɗaure shi ne maɓallin dunƙulewa. ST dubawa yawanci amfani da 10Base-F, SC dubawa yawanci amfani da 100Base-FX da GBIC, LC yawanci amfani da SFP.
Saukewa: RJ-45
RJ-45 dubawa shine mafi yawan amfani da ke dubawa don Ethernet. RJ-45 sunan da aka saba amfani da shi, wanda ke nufin daidaitawa ta IEC (60) 603-7, ta amfani da matsayi 8 (filin 8) wanda aka ayyana ta ma'aunin mai haɗin duniya. Modular jack ko toshe.
Saukewa: RS-232
RS-232-C (wanda kuma aka sani da EIA RS-232-C) shine mafi yawan amfani da hanyar sadarwa ta serial. Ma'auni ne don sadarwa ta hanyar haɗin gwiwa ta Ƙungiyar Masana'antar Lantarki ta Amurka (EIA) a cikin 1970 tare da tsarin Bell, masana'antun modem, da masana'antun tasha na kwamfuta. Cikakken sunansa shine "ma'auni na fasahar musanyar musayar bayanai na binary tsakanin kayan aikin tashar bayanai (DTE) da kayan sadarwar bayanai (DCE)". Ma'auni ya nuna cewa ana amfani da haɗin DB25 mai lamba 25 don tantance abun ciki na siginar kowane fil na haɗin, da kuma matakin sigina daban-daban.
Saukewa: RJ-11
Ma'anar RJ-11 shine abin da muka saba kira layin wayar tarho. RJ-11 babban suna ne na mai haɗawa ta hanyar Western Electric. An ayyana ma'anarsa azaman na'urar haɗi mai 6-pin. Asalin suna WExW, inda x yana nufin “aiki”, lamba ko zaren allura. Misali, WE6W yana da duk lambobin sadarwa guda 6, masu lamba 1 zuwa 6, WE4W interface yana amfani da fil 4 kawai, ba a amfani da manyan lambobi biyu (1 da 6), WE2W yana amfani da fil biyu na tsakiya kawai (wato, don haɗin layin tarho) .
CWDM da DWDM
Tare da saurin haɓaka sabis na bayanan IP akan Intanet, buƙatun layin watsawa ya karu. Kodayake fasahar DWDM (Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing) ita ce hanya mafi inganci don magance matsalar fadada bandwidth na layi, fasahar CWDM (Coarse Wavelength Division Multiplexing) tana da fa'ida akan DWDM dangane da farashin tsarin da kiyayewa.
Dukansu CWDM da DWDM suna cikin fasaha mai yawa na raƙuman raƙuman raƙuman ruwa, kuma suna iya haɗa nau'ikan raƙuman haske daban-daban a cikin fiber guda ɗaya kuma su watsa su tare.
Sabon ma'aunin ITU na CWDM shine G.695, wanda ke ƙayyadad da tashoshi masu tsayi 18 tare da tazarar 20nm daga 1271nm zuwa 1611nm. Idan aka yi la'akari da tasirin kololuwar ruwa na filayen gani na G.652 na yau da kullun, ana amfani da tashoshi 16 gabaɗaya. Saboda babban tazarar tashoshi, na'urori masu yawa da na'urori masu rarrabawa da laser sun fi rahusa fiye da na'urorin DWDM.
Tazarar tashar ta DWDM tana da tazara daban-daban kamar 0.4nm, 0.8nm, 1.6nm, da dai sauransu. Tazara ƙarami ne kuma ana buƙatar ƙarin na'urorin sarrafa raƙuman ruwa. Sabili da haka, kayan aiki bisa fasahar DWDM sun fi tsada fiye da kayan aiki bisa fasahar CWDM.
Pinodiode Pinodiode shine Layer na ɗauka da sauƙi kayan abu tsakanin p-nau'in da n-Type semiconductor tare da babban taro tare da babban taro na doping, wanda ake kira wani yanki mai zurfi, wanda ake kira wani yanki mai tsayi da yawa, wanda ake kira shi na (ciki). Saboda yana da ɗan ƙaranci, ƙwayar wutar lantarki yana da ƙasa sosai, kuma an samar da wani nau'i mai fa'ida na raguwa bayan yaduwa, wanda zai iya inganta saurin amsawa da kuma yadda ya dace.
APD avalanche photodiodes ba kawai na gani / lantarki jujjuyawar ba amma har da haɓakawa na ciki. Ana samun haɓakawa ta hanyar tasirin dumbin dusar ƙanƙara a cikin bututu. APD shine photodiode tare da riba. Lokacin da hankalin mai karɓar gani ya yi girma, APD yana taimakawa don tsawaita nisan watsawa na tsarin.