Don fahimtar sadarwar bayanai a cikin hanyar sadarwa yana da wuyar gaske. A cikin wannan labarin zan sauƙaƙe nuna yadda kwamfutoci biyu ke haɗa juna, canja wuri da karɓar bayanan bayanai kuma tare da ka'idar Layer biyar na Tcp/IP.
Menene sadarwar Data?
Ana amfani da kalmar "sadarwar bayanai" don bayyana watsa bayanai daga wuri guda zuwa wani ta amfani da matsakaici kamar haɗin waya. Lokacin da duk na'urorin da ke musayar bayanai suna cikin gini ɗaya ko kusa, mukan ce canja wurin bayanai na gida ne.
A cikin wannan mahallin, "source" da "mai karɓa" suna da ma'anar ma'anar madaidaici. Tushen yana nufin kayan aikin watsa bayanai, yayin da mai karɓa yana nufin na'urar karban bayanai. Manufar sadarwar bayanai ba shine ƙirƙirar bayanai a tushe ko inda aka nufa ba, a'a a'a shine canja wurin bayanai da kuma kiyaye bayanan yayin aiki.
Hanyoyin sadarwar bayanai galibi suna amfani da layin watsa bayanai don karɓar bayanai daga wurare masu nisa da aika sakamakon da aka sarrafa zuwa waɗancan wurare masu nisa. Jadawalin da ke cikin adadi yana ba da ƙarin cikakkun bayanai game da hanyoyin sadarwar bayanai. Yawancin fasahohin sadarwar bayanai da ake amfani da su a halin yanzu sun haɓaka sannu a hankali, ko dai a matsayin ci gaba a kan dabarun sadarwar bayanan da ake da su a baya ko a matsayin maye gurbinsu. Sannan akwai ma’adanin ma’adanin lexical wato sadarwar bayanai, wanda ya hada da kalmomi kamar baud rate, modems, routers, LAN, WAN, TCP/IP, wanda ISDN, kuma dole ne a rika kewayawa yayin da ake yanke shawarar hanyar watsawa. A sakamakon haka, yana da mahimmanci mu waiwaya baya mu sami damar yin amfani da waɗannan ra'ayoyi da kuma haɓakar fasahar sadarwar bayanai.
TCP/IP Yarjejeniyar Layer biyar:
Don tabbatar da ayyukan TCP/IP da kyau, dole ne mu samar da mafi ƙarancin bayanan da yake buƙata a cikin sigar da aka fahimta a duk duniya a cikin cibiyoyin sadarwa. Gine-gine na software na Layer biyar ya sa wannan tsari ya yiwu.
TCP/IP yana samun mahimman abubuwan da ake buƙata don watsa bayanan mu a fadin hanyar sadarwa daga kowane ɗayan waɗannan yadudduka. An tsara ayyuka cikin takamaiman “yadudduka” na ɗawainiya anan. Babu wata alama ɗaya a cikin wannan ƙirar wacce ba ta taimaka kai tsaye ɗaya daga cikin yadudduka da yawa don yin aikinta da kyau.
Yadudduka waɗanda ke kusa da juna kawai zasu iya sadarwa. Shirye-shiryen da ke aiki a manyan yadudduka sun sami 'yanci daga alhakin aiwatar da lamba a ƙananan yadudduka. Don kafa haɗi tare da mai watsa shiri mai nisa, alal misali, lambar aikace-aikacen dole ne kawai ta san yadda ake yin buƙatu a layin sufuri. Yana iya aiki ba tare da fahimtar tsarin ɓoye bayanan da aka aika ba. Ya rage ga Layer Physical don sarrafa hakan. Ita ce ke da alhakin canja wurin ɗanyen bayanai, wanda jerin 0s da 1s ne kawai, da kuma ƙa'idar ƙimar bit da ma'anar haɗin kai, fasahar mara waya ko kebul na lantarki wanda ke haɗa na'urorin.
Tsarin TCP/IP biyar ya haɗa daLayer Application, Layer Transport, Network Layer, Data Link Layer, da Physical Layer, Bari mu koyi game da wannan TCP/IP yadudduka.
1. Layer na jiki:Layer na zahiri yana ɗaukar ainihin hanyar haɗin waya ko mara waya tsakanin na'urori a cikin hanyar sadarwa. Yana bayyana mai haɗawa, haɗin waya ko mara waya tsakanin na'urorin, kuma yana aika daskararrun bayanai (0s da 1s) tare da daidaita ƙimar canja wurin bayanai.
2. Layer Link Data:An kafa haɗi tsakanin nodes biyu masu haɗin jiki a kan hanyar sadarwa kuma an yanke shi a layin haɗin bayanai. Yana yin haka ta hanyar rarraba fakitin bayanai zuwa firam kafin aika su akan hanyarsu. Media Access Control (MAC) yana amfani da adiresoshin MAC don haɗa na'urori da ƙayyadaddun haƙƙin watsawa da karɓar bayanai, yayin da Logical Link Control (LLC) ke gano ka'idojin cibiyar sadarwa, yin duban kuskure, da daidaita firam ɗin aiki.
3. Layer Network:Haɗin kai tsakanin cibiyoyin sadarwa sune ƙashin bayan Intanet. “Layin hanyar sadarwa” na tsarin sadarwar Intanet shine inda ake yin waɗannan haɗin yanar gizo ta hanyar musayar fakitin bayanai tsakanin cibiyoyin sadarwa Layer na uku na Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) Model shine Layer na cibiyar sadarwa. Ana amfani da ka'idoji da yawa, gami da ka'idar Intanet (IP), a wannan matakin don dalilai kamar su kewayawa, gwaji, da ɓoyewa.
4. Layer Transport:Don kafa haɗi tsakanin mai watsa shiri zuwa mai masaukin baki shine alhakin yadudduka na cibiyar sadarwa. Yayin da alhakin layin sufuri shine kafa tashar tashar jiragen ruwa zuwa tashar tashar jiragen ruwa. Mun sami nasarar canja wurin bayanai daga Kwamfuta A zuwa B ta hanyar hulɗar Layer na jiki, Layer link Layer da Network Layer. Bayan aika bayanai zuwa kwamfuta A-to-B ta yaya kwamfutar B za ta iya gane wanne aikace-aikace aka tura bayanan?
Saboda haka, wajibi ne a sanya aiki zuwa wani aikace-aikace ta hanyar tashar jiragen ruwa. Don haka, ana iya amfani da adireshi na IP da lambar tashar jiragen ruwa don gano tsarin tafiyar da mai watsa shiri musamman.
5. Layer Layer:Masu bincike da abokan ciniki na imel misalan software ne na gefen abokin ciniki wanda ke aiki a matakin aikace-aikacen. Ana samar da ka'idoji waɗanda ke sauƙaƙe sadarwa tsakanin shirye-shirye da nunin bayanai masu amfani don ƙarshen masu amfani. Ka'idar Canja wurin Hypertext (HTTP), Yarjejeniyar Canja wurin Fayil (FTP), Protocol Post Office (POP), Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP), da Domain Name System (DNS) duk misalan ladabi ne da ke aiki a Layer na aikace-aikacen (DNS) .