IPv4 ita ce sigar Intanet ta huɗu (IP) kuma ita ce yarjejeniya ta farko da ake amfani da ita wacce ta zama tushen fasahar Intanet a yau. Kowane na'ura da yanki da ke da alaƙa da Intanet ana sanya su lamba ta musamman da ake kira adireshin IP. Adireshin IPv4 lamba ce mai 32-bit wanda ya ƙunshi decimal huɗu. Tsakanin kowane mai raba Decimal yana da lamba tsakanin 0 da 255. Misali: 192.0.2.235
A zamanin yau, saboda sabon yanayin IPv6, IPv4 har yanzu shine tushen mafi yawan ayyukan Intanet, kuma ana saita na'urori da yawa tare da IPv4. A wannan yanayin, yawancin na'urori ba za su iya sadarwa ta amfani da IPv6 ba, wanda ke haifar da mutane da yawa, kasuwanci, da sauransu har yanzu suna buƙatar IPv4. Na gaba, za mu gabatar da tsarin fakiti na IPv4.
IPV4 tsarin fakiti
(1)Sigarlissafin filin don 4 ragowa, yana nuna sigar ka'idar IP.
(2)Tsawon Shugaban IP, Ana amfani da wannan filin don bayyana tsawon adireshin IP, saboda akwai sassa na zaɓi na zaɓi masu tsayi a cikin taken IP. Wannan sashe ya ƙunshi 4 ragowa, tare da tsawon raka'a na 4 bytes, wanda ke nufin cewa ƙimar wannan yanki = tsayin taken IP (a cikin bytes)/tsawon naúrar (4 bytes).
(3)Nau'in Sabis: 8 a tsayi.
PPP: Lambobi uku na farko sun bayyana fifikon kunshin. Mafi mahimmancin ƙimar shine, mafi mahimmancin Babban bayanai shine
000 (Na yau da kullun) Na al'ada
001 (Fifififi), ana amfani da shi don kasuwancin bayanai
010 (Nan take) nan take, don kasuwancin bayanai
011 (Flash) saurin walƙiya don watsa murya
100 (Flash Overrides) da sauri don kasuwancin bidiyo
101 (mahimmanci) CRI/TIC/ECP mai mahimmanci don watsa murya
110 (Ikon Intanet) Ikon hanyar sadarwa ta hanyar sadarwa, ana amfani da shi don sarrafa cibiyar sadarwa, kamar ka'idojin zirga-zirga
111 (Control Network) ikon cibiyar sadarwa, ana amfani da shi don sarrafa cibiyar sadarwa
DTRCO: Lambobi 5 na ƙarshe
(1000) D jinkiri: 0: min jinkiri, 1: rage jinkiri gwargwadon yiwuwa
(0100) T Ƙaddamarwa: 0: max fitarwa (mafi girman fitarwa), 1: Yi ƙoƙarin ƙara yawan zirga-zirga kamar yadda zai yiwu.
(0010) R Aminci: 0: max kayan aiki, 1: ƙara yawan aminci
(0001) M farashin watsawa: 0: min farashin Litinin (ƙananan hanya sama), 1: rage farashin gwargwadon iko.
(0000): al'ada (sabis na yau da kullun).
(4)Jimlar tsawon fakitin IP: 16 bit a tsayi. Tsawon fakitin IP da aka ƙididdige shi a cikin bytes (ciki har da kai da bayanai), don haka matsakaicin tsawon fakitin IP shine 65 535 bytes. Don haka, girman fakitin biya = Jimlar tsawon fakitin IP - Tsawon taken IP.
(5)Mai ganowa: 16 bit a tsayi. Ana amfani da wannan filin a haɗe tare da Tutoci da filayen Bayar da Yanke don raba manyan fakitin matakin sama. Bayan dana'ura mai ba da hanya tsakanin hanyoyin sadarwaya raba fakiti, duk ƙananan fakitin da aka raba suna da alamar ƙima ɗaya, ta yadda na'urar za ta iya bambanta fakitin fakitin tsaga.
(6)Tutoci: tsayin bits 3.
Ba a amfani da lambar farko na wannan filin.
Abu na biyu shi ne bit DF (Kada Ka Fage). Lokacin da aka saita DF bit zuwa 1, yana nuna cewana'ura mai ba da hanya tsakanin hanyoyin sadarwaba zai iya raba fakitin Layer na sama ba. Idan fakiti na sama ba za a iya tura shi ba tare da rarrabuwa ba, dana'ura mai ba da hanya tsakanin hanyoyin sadarwazai watsar da fakitin Layer na sama kuma ya dawo da saƙon kuskure.
Abu na uku shine MF (More Fragments) bit. Lokacin dana'ura mai ba da hanya tsakanin hanyoyin sadarwaYa raba fakitin Layer na sama, yana saita MF bit zuwa 1 a cikin taken fakitin IP sai na ƙarshe.
(7)Rage Rarraba: Tsawon rago 13, an auna shi cikin raka'a 8 octets. Yana nuna wurin fakitin IP a cikin fakitin abubuwan, wanda ƙarshen karɓa ke amfani dashi don tarawa da dawo da fakitin IP.
(8)Lokacin Rayuwa (TTL): Tsawon yana 8 bits, da farko an tsara shi cikin daƙiƙa (s), amma a zahiri an auna shi cikin hops. Ƙimar tsoho da aka ba da shawarar ita ce 64. Lokacin da aka aika fakitin IP, ana fara sanya takamaiman ƙima zuwa wannan filin. Lokacin da fakitin IP ya wuce kowanena'ura mai ba da hanya tsakanin hanyoyin sadarwatare da hanya, kowanena'ura mai ba da hanya tsakanin hanyoyin sadarwatare da hanya zai rage ƙimar TTL na fakitin IP ta 1. Idan an rage TTL zuwa 0, za a jefar da fakitin IP. Wannan filin zai iya hana fakitin IP ci gaba da turawa a cikin hanyar sadarwa saboda madaukai masu tuƙi.
(9)Yarjejeniya: 16 bit a tsayi. Ana amfani da shi don gano ainihin masu rubutun IP, amma baya haɗa da sashin bayanai. Domin kowannena'ura mai ba da hanya tsakanin hanyoyin sadarwayana buƙatar canza ƙimar TTL, dana'ura mai ba da hanya tsakanin hanyoyin sadarwazai sake lissafin wannan ƙimar ga kowane fakitin wucewa
(10)Header Checksum: 16 bit a tsayi. Ana amfani da shi don gano ainihin masu rubutun IP, amma baya haɗa da sashin bayanai. Domin kowannena'ura mai ba da hanya tsakanin hanyoyin sadarwayana buƙatar canza ƙimar TTL, dana'ura mai ba da hanya tsakanin hanyoyin sadarwazai sake lissafin wannan ƙimar ga kowane fakitin wucewa
(11)Adireshin Tushe da Makaranta: Duk adireshi guda 32 ne. Yana gano asali da adireshin inda aka nufa na wannan fakitin IP. Lura cewa sai dai idan an yi amfani da NAT, waɗannan adiresoshin biyu ba za su canza ba a duk tsawon tsarin watsawa.
(12)Zabuka: Wannan filin tsayin canji ne. Wannan filin na zaɓi ne kuma ana amfani da shi musamman don gwaji, kuma ana iya sake rubuta shi ta na'urar da ta fito kamar yadda ake buƙata. Abubuwan da aka zaɓa sun haɗa da:
• Sako da hanyar hanya: Samar da jerin adiresoshin IP donna'ura mai ba da hanya tsakanin hanyoyin sadarwamusaya. Dole ne a watsa fakitin IP tare da waɗannan adiresoshin IP, amma an ba da izinin tsallake hanyoyin sadarwa da yawa tsakanin adiresoshin IP guda biyu a jere.
• Ƙuntataccen hanyar hanya: Samar da jerin adiresoshin IP donna'ura mai ba da hanya tsakanin hanyoyin sadarwamusaya. Dole ne a watsa fakitin IP tare da waɗannan adiresoshin IP, kuma idan hop na gaba baya cikin teburin adireshin IP, yana nuna kuskure.
•Hanyar yin rikodi: Yi rikodin adireshin IP na mahaɗan waje na na'ura mai ba da hanya tsakanin hanyoyin sadarwa lokacin da fakitin IP ya bar kowanena'ura mai ba da hanya tsakanin hanyoyin sadarwa.
•Tambarin lokaci: Yi rikodin lokacin da fakitin IP ya fita kowacena'ura mai ba da hanya tsakanin hanyoyin sadarwa.
•Padding: Saboda rukunin tsawon taken IP ɗin shine 32 ragowa, tsayin taken IP ɗin dole ne ya zama maɓalli mai lamba 32. Don haka, bayan zaɓin zaɓi, ƙa'idar IP za ta cika sifili da yawa don cimma madaidaicin lamba na 32 ragowa.
Ana iya amfani da bayanan IPV4 sau da yawa zuwa na kamfaninmuONUna'urorin cibiyar sadarwa, da samfuran sadarwarmu masu alaƙa da siyar da zafi suna rufe nau'ikan iri daban-dabanONUjerin samfurori, ciki har da ACONU/ sadarwaONU/mai hankaliONU/akwatinONU, da sauransu. Na samaONUAna iya amfani da samfuran jerin samfuran don buƙatun hanyar sadarwa a yanayi daban-daban. Maraba da kowa da kowa ya zo kuma ya sami ƙarin fahimtar fasaha game da samfurin.
