A yau, Intanet muhimmin bangare ne na rayuwarmu ta yau da kullun. A haƙiƙa, akwai manyan hanyoyi guda biyu da muke amfani da Intanet: ɗaya ta hanyar sabis ɗin bayanan wayar hannu; ɗayan, mafi gabaɗaya, shine ta hanyar watsa shirye-shirye a gida ko aiki.
Daga hangen ƙwararru, samun damar mara waya shine damar mara waya. Ta hanyar waya, samun hanyar waya ne.
Babu shakka, dole ne sabis na bayanan wayar hannu ya zama mara waya. Broadband a gida ko aiki yana da waya.
Har ila yau ana kiran hanyar shiga ta hanyar “kafaffen hanyar sadarwa” (kafaffen hanyar sadarwa: kafaffen hanyar sadarwar tarho). Samun damar watsa labarai da damar IPTV duk “kebul ne.”
Abin da nake so in gabatar a yau shi ne hanyar shiga yanar gizo.
Tarihin ci gaba na hanyar sadarwar intanet
Bari mu fara daga farko.
Shin har yanzu kuna tuna lokacin da kuka fara kan layi?
Lokacin farko don fara hawan Intanet shine a kwaleji. Akwai layin waya a dakin kwanan dalibai. Lokacin da kake son shiga Intanet, toshe katin modem ɗin kwamfutarka, sannan ka saita Intanet ɗin bugun kira akan kwamfutarka.
Bayan an gama saitin, fara bugawa.
Bayan ɓacin rai na "ƙaracin zuciya", yana nuna cewa bugun kira ya yi nasara, wato haɗawa da Intanet.
Menene saurin samun damar Intanet? 56Kbps … Bayan ƙarar sautin “Zuciya mai karye”, yana nuna cewa bugun kira ya yi nasara, wato haɗin Intanet.
Menene saurin samun damar Intanet? 56 kbps…
Ee, kun karanta hakan daidai, yana da hankali sosai. Da farko, duk gidan kwanan mu ya dogara da wannan wayar don buga waya da haɗawa da tsarin makaranta don zaɓar kwasa-kwasan. A lokacin, don Allah ji da kanku. . .
Haka kuma, tare da wannan hanyar ta asali, da zarar ka buga Intanet, wayar ba za ta iya haɗawa ba kuma tana cikin yanayin “aiki”. Ba wannan kadai ba, kudin ma yana da tsada sosai, kuma ana cajin hanyar Intanet a minti daya da minti daya, kamar dai kira. Gudun ya riga ya yi a hankali. Ganin kuɗaɗen sun gudu zai iya kashe ku ba zato ba tsammani.
Daga baya, bayan 'yan shekaru, ADSL ya fara samuwa. Na'urar kamar wannan hoto ta bayyana, ana kiranta ADSL cat (Modem), layin wayar yana toshe a cikin cat ADSL, sannan kuma ADSL cat yana haɗi zuwa kwamfutar ta hanyar kebul na cibiyar sadarwa.
Bayan amfani da ADSL, an kuma inganta saurin hanyar sadarwa, daga 512Kbps zuwa 1Mbps, sannan zuwa 2Mbps.
Ko da yake har yanzu adadin yana da ƙasa, yana da sauri fiye da 56K. Tushen shiga shafukan yanar gizo suna da santsi, kuma taɗi na QQ yana da sauri, kuma an inganta ƙwarewar kowa da kowa ta Intanet.
Wannan ADSL, wanda shine Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line, nau'in fasahar DSL ne. An ƙirƙira fasahar DSL a cikin 1989 ta Cibiyar Binciken Sadarwa ta Bell.
Lokacin da ADSL ya fara bayyana, na yi sha'awar. Har ila yau, layin waya siriri ne, ba murɗaɗɗen kebul na hanyar sadarwa ba. Me yasa saurin tashi ba zato ba tsammani?
Sai ya zama cewa asalin layin wayar da muka yi amfani da shi don yin kira, kawai ya ɗauki ɓangaren ƙananan mitar tagulla (bangaren da ke ƙasa da 4KHz) kuma bai cika cikakkiyar damarsa ba.
Fasahar ADSL tana amfani da mitar rarraba multixing don raba layin wayar talakawa zuwa tashoshi masu zaman kansu guda uku na tarho, sama da ƙasa, wanda ba wai kawai yana guje wa tsangwama ba amma kuma yana ƙara ƙimar.
Musamman, ADSL tana amfani da fasahar DMT (Discrete Multi-Tone) don raba layin waya na asali daga rukunin mitar 4KHz zuwa 1.1Mhz zuwa maƙalai 256 tare da bandwidth na 4.3125KHz. Daga cikin su, ana amfani da mitar band da ke ƙasa da 4KHz don watsa POTS (sabis na tarho na al'ada), ana amfani da mitar band daga 20KHz zuwa 138KHz don watsa siginar haɓakawa, kuma ana amfani da rukunin mita daga 138KHz zuwa 1.1MHZ don watsa sigina na ƙasa.
Idan aka kwatanta da hanyar asali, ADSL ba kawai yana ƙaruwa da sauri ba, amma farashin kuma ya ragu sosai. Lokacin da kake kan layi, ba kwa buƙatar yin tsere da lokaci. Menene ƙari, Intanet da kiran waya ba sa rikici, kuma ana iya yin su a lokaci ɗaya.
Daga baya, a kan tushen ADSL, ADSL2 da ADSL2 + aka inganta, kuma adadin ya taɓa kai 20Mbps.
Baya ga ADSL, rediyo da talabijin na watsa shirye-shirye (sadar da kebul), layukan sadaukar da ISDN da sauran hanyoyin shiga Intanet sun bayyana a kusa da mu.
Gidan rediyo da talabijin, na yi imanin cewa waɗanda suka yi amfani da shi sun burge. A gaskiya ma, hanya ce ta samar da hanyar sadarwa ta hanyar sadarwa ta coaxial na USB TV (CATV).
ISDN tana nufin Haɗin gwiwar Sabis na Dijital. Farashin yana da girma, kuma saurin hanyar sadarwa ba shi da sauri.
A kowane hali, kodayake ADSL ya haɓaka saurin hanyar sadarwa, yawan watsa wayoyi na jan karfe yana da iyaka. Don haka, yana da gaggawa a nemo madadin.
A sakamakon haka, filaye na gani sun bayyana a kusa da mu, kuma "zamanin sadarwa na gani" ya zo.
Zamanin sadarwa na gani
Dole ne kowa ya ji labarin "hasken ci gaba na jan karfe". Abin da ake kira "Tsarin gaba na jan ƙarfe" shine, a cikin shahararrun sharuɗɗa, maye gurbin sannu-sannu na wayoyi na jan karfe (wayoyin tarho, igiyoyi na coaxial, nau'i-nau'i masu juyayi) tare da filaye na gani don cimma canji daga kunkuntar-band jan ƙarfe na USB networks zuwa fiber-optic. hanyoyin sadarwa na broadband.
Dalilin haka shi ne wani bangare saboda bukatar karuwar sauri, wani bangare kuma saboda tsada.
Tare da ci gaban zamani, farashin ƙarfe na jan karfe ya karu sosai, yayin da farashin igiyoyin fiber na gani da na'urorin transceiver na gani suna raguwa kowace shekara. A matsayina na mai aiki, ba shakka ina son arha kuma mai sauƙin amfani!
Ok, bari mu kalli menene wannan fiber broadband.
Da farko, bari mu kalli tsarin tsarin sadarwar sadarwar ma'aikaci:
A saman akwai hanyar sadarwar kashin baya ta IP, wacce ita ce kawai cibiyar sadarwar mai aiki. An haɗa hanyar sadarwar kashin baya zuwa wasu masu aiki. Cibiyoyin sadarwar kashin baya na masu aiki daban-daban sun zama kashin bayan Intanet.
Haka kuma, ana kuma haɗa ta zuwa wasu cibiyoyin sadarwar sabis, kamar cibiyar sadarwar PSTN (cibiyar sadarwar tarho) da kuma hanyar sadarwar IPTV, tana ba masu amfani da sabis iri-iri.
A ƙasan cibiyar sadarwa ta ƙashin bayan ƙasa, cibiyar sadarwa ce ta lardi. Ƙarin ƙasa shine Cibiyar Sadarwar Yanki na Metropolitan. Kamar yadda sunan ke nunawa, hanyar sadarwa ce a cikin birni.
An kasu MAN zuwa matakai uku: core Layer, the convergence Layer, da access Layer.
Layin shiga shine Layer mafi kusa da abokin cinikinmu. Ana kuma kiran wannan ɓangaren hanyar sadarwa ta hanyar sadarwa. Mayar da hankali da wahalar "haske ci gaba da ja da baya na jan karfe" yana cikin wannan layin shiga.
A halin yanzu, fasahar samun fiber na yau da kullun shine PON.
PON ne Passive Optical Network, cibiyar sadarwa mara kyau.
Menene m?
Wannan “tushen” yana nufin tushen wutar lantarki, tushen makamashi, da tushen wutar lantarki.
Don bayyana shi a sarari, na'urar lantarki ba tare da irin wannan "source" ana kiranta na'urar wucewa ba. Don sauƙaƙe shi, a cikin hanyar sadarwa mara amfani, abin da kuke bayarwa shine abin da kuke da shi, babu tushen makamashi don zuƙowa ko canzawa.
Idan aka kwatanta da cibiyar sadarwa na gani mai aiki, babbar fa'idar hanyar sadarwar gani mara kyau ita ce tana rage ƙimar gazawar. Abubuwan da ke aiki sun fi dacewa ga maki gazawa.
Tsarin hanyar sadarwa na PON shine kamar haka:
PON ya ƙunshi sassa masu zuwa:
OLT(Tsarin Layin Na gani)
A gefe guda, ana tattara siginar da ke ɗauke da ayyuka daban-daban a ofishin tsakiya, kuma ana aika su zuwa hanyar sadarwar shiga bisa ga wani tsarin sigina don watsawa ga mai amfani na ƙarshe. A gefe guda, ana aika sigina daga mai amfani na ƙarshe zuwa cibiyoyin sadarwar sabis daban-daban bisa ga nau'in sabis. in.
POS (mai raba na gani na gani)
Wannan yana da sauƙin fahimta, wato rarraba bayanan ƙasa da tara bayanan haɗin kai.
ONU(Sashin hanyar sadarwa na gani) / ONT (Tshashin hanyar sadarwa ta gani)
Na'ura mafi kusa da mai amfani. Mutane da yawa ba za su iya bambanta tsakaninONUda ONT. A gaskiya ma, bambanci mai sauƙi shine ONT nau'i ne naONU. ONT tana da tashar jiragen ruwa guda ɗaya kuma tana hidimar mai amfani ɗaya.ONUhidima masu amfani da yawa. Hasken kyan gani a cikin danginmu shine ONT.
PON yana amfani da fasaha na WDM (Maɗaukakin Wavelength Division Multiplexing, wanda shine ainihin rarrabuwar mita, tsayin tsayi × mita = saurin haske) fasaha don cimma watsa bidi'a na fiber guda ɗaya tare da tsayin raƙuman ruwa na 1310nm da zurfin raƙuman ruwa na 1490nm.
PON yana da fa'idodi da yawa kamar babban bandwidth, babban inganci, babban ɗaukar hoto, da wadatattun mu'amalar mai amfani. A halin yanzu ita ce mafi shaharar fasahar samun damar gani.
Dangane da abun ciki na mai ɗaukar hoto, PON an raba shi zuwa nau'ikan masu zuwa:
- Cibiyar sadarwa na gani na gani na ATM (APON)
- Ethernet (EPON) tushen hanyar sadarwa mara igiyar waya (EPON)
- Gigabit Passive Optical Network (GPON) bisa GFP (Tsarin Tsara Gabaɗaya)
A gaskiya, ba dole ba ne ka tuna da yawa. Ko ta yaya, tuna cewa GPON shine mafi kyau kuma mafi kyau. Yanzu duk manyan masu aiki suna aiki tuƙuru don haɓaka GPON.
Zane-zanen tsarin samun damar Intanet na fiber-optic
Bayan an dade ana magana, kowa na iya jin dimuwa kadan, bari mu yi amfani da ainihin lokuta da hotuna don kwatanta shi.
Muna farawa daga cibiyar sadarwar kashin bayan IP, daga sama zuwa kasa, daya bayan daya.
Da farko dai abin da ake kira samun damar Intanet shine jin daɗin ayyukan da masu samar da sabis na cibiyar sadarwa ke bayarwa. Misali, yi amfani da sabis na WeChat wanda Tencent ya bayar, sabis na Taobao wanda Ali ya bayar, da sabis na bidiyo ta Youku.
Waɗannan sabis ɗin sun dogara ne akan sabar kamfanoni a cibiyar bayanai.
Idan cibiyar bayanan kasuwanci ce, za a sami layin haɗin kai daga ma'aikata daban-daban. Ta waɗannan layukan, haɗa zuwa cibiyar sadarwar IP ta ƙasa na afareta.
Sa'an nan kuma an haɗa cibiyar sadarwar kashin baya ta ƙasa zuwa cibiyar sadarwa ta lardi. Cibiyar sadarwa ta kashin baya na lardin, sannan kuma haɗi zuwa cibiyar sadarwar yankin birni na birni. Bayan waɗannan turawa ta hanyar sadarwar mai ɗaukar hoto, a ƙarshe sun zo hanyar sadarwar shiga. PON namu kenan.
Bayan isa PON, mataki na farko shine shiga cikinOLT.
TheOLTke da alhakin wani yanki, gini ko wurin zama. Wannan ya dogara ne akan lamba da girman masu amfani. Don wuraren da jama'a ke da yawa kamar gine-ginen ofis ko makarantu, ana iya sanya shi kai tsaye cikin ginin.
Fiber na gani dagaOLTAna haɗa kayan aiki zuwa gine-ginen zama daban-daban a cikin al'umma ta hanyar raƙuman ODF da akwatunan bayarwa na gani.
A cikin rijiyar ginin elv, kuna da akwatin famfo mai haske, a cikin mai raba katako.
Mai rarraba na gani zai iya raba fiber zuwa tashoshi da yawa bisa ga rabo na 1:16 ko 1:32, yana rufe masu amfani a kan bene mai dacewa (ko benaye masu yawa).
Zaɓuɓɓukan gani daga mai raba suna shiga gidajen mazauna.
Bayan an shigar da fiber ɗin, za a haɗa shi da akwatin da ke da rauni a cikin gida.
Za a sami "katsi mai haske" a cikin akwatin ƙananan ƙarfin lantarki. Wannan kyan gani, kamar yadda aka ambata a baya, haƙiƙa ONT ne, na'urar samun damar amfani da fiber na gani.
Sashe na gaba ya san kowa sosai, kowane iyali zai sayi mara wayana'ura mai ba da hanya tsakanin hanyoyin sadarwa(wato, Wi-Fina'ura mai ba da hanya tsakanin hanyoyin sadarwa). Ta hanyarna'ura mai ba da hanya tsakanin hanyoyin sadarwa, haɗa cat ɗin gani zuwa bugun kira, kuma canza siginar cibiyar sadarwar fiber na gani zuwa siginar cibiyar sadarwar mara waya ta gidanku, ta yadda wayoyin hannu, kwamfutoci, iPads da sauran na'urori su sami damar Intanet.
Abin da ke sama shine mafi kyawun hanyar samun hanyar shiga fiber na gani.
Kowa ya lura cewa a cikin abin da ke sama, fiber na gani yana haɗa kai tsaye zuwa gida, ana kiran wannan FTTH (Fiber To The Home).
Koyaya, ga tsoffin al'ummomi da yawa, kayan aikin cibiyar sadarwa na asali bai isa ya dace da yanayin FTTH ba. Idan fiber ba zai iya isa gida ba, za a karɓi FTTB ko FTTC.
FTTB: Fiber Zuwa Ginin
FTTC: Fiber zuwa Curb
Ɗaukar FTTB a matsayin misali, lokacin da fiber na gani dagaOLTwuce ta ODF Tantancewar rarraba frame da splitter, lokacin da ya isa a cikin ginin, shi kai tsaye shiga cikinONUa cikin raunin halin yanzu na ginin.
ONUyana da hanyoyin samun dama iri-iri. A sauƙaƙe, shine canza hanyar fiber na gani zuwa hanyar ADSL, hanyar POTS, da hanyar LAN.
