Dangane da matsalolin samfurin da abokan cinikinmu suka ci karo da su, injiniyoyin R&D na kamfaninmu za su sake haifar da matsaloli game da XPON akan lokaci.ONU/GPONONUsamfurori bisa ga bukatun abokin ciniki, kuma idan ya cancanta, kuma za su sake haifar da yanayin amfani da abokin ciniki da gudanar da gwajin rataya a cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje na R&D. TheoltHakanan za a yi amfani da kayan aikin kamfaninmu yayin gwajin, kuma za a aiwatar da haɓaka aikin software da sarrafa kwaro akansa.
Za mu yi rikodin samfuran ƙarƙashin gwaji, kamar XPONONU/GPONONU, don samar da log log. A cikin log log, ikon gani na masu hankaliONUko kuma za a rubuta hanyar haɗin fiber na gani. Lokacin da muka gwada sabon sigar direba a ƙarƙashin GPONOLTda EPONOLT: SFU PPPOE untagged bugun kira karkashin GPON a wannan lokacin kawai bukatar yin rajista da kuma saita sabis, ba tare da umurnin ont tashar jiragen ruwa vlan 1 18 eth 1 m.
Daga hanyar sadarwar fasaha ta tashar jiragen ruwa 8ONUna gani cat module manufacturer
2. Game daOLTKula da Kayan Aiki
Lokacin daOLTna'urar ta ƙunshi daidaitawar sabis na SFU, idanONUnau'in shine SFU, kumaONUTashar LAN ta sami adireshin IP da aka sanya ta hanyar ƙofar saman Layer, kuna buƙatar ƙara daidaitawar VLAN na tashar tashar ZXAN (config) # pon-onu-ng gpon-onu_ 1/2/1: 6. ZXAN(gpon-onu) -mng 1/2/1: 6)#vlan tashar jiragen ruwa eth_ 0/1 yanayin tag vlan 100
Don daidaitawar sabis na CATV, koma zuwaONUgoyon baya don sarrafa CATVcanzaKunna/kashe ta hanyar OMCI (ME82)
ZXAN(config)#pon-onu-mng gpon-onu_ 1/2/1:6
ZXAN(gpon-onu-mng 1/2/1:6)#bidiyon bidiyo na mu'amala_ 0/1 kulle jihar
ZXAN(gpon-onu-mng 1/2/1:6)#interface video video_ 0/1 state unlock
Daga dakin sadarwar kuOLTmasana'anta kayan aiki!
3. XPONONUgabatarwar fasahar sadarwa mai alaƙa
XPONONUfasaha ce da har yanzu tana ci gaba, kuma aikace-aikacenta a kasar Sin na kara fadada a hankali. Kamfanin China Telecom ya tsara ma'auni. A cikin aiwatar da haɓaka ƙa'idodin a hankali, saboda aikace-aikacen makamancin haka da sakawa na DSL da XPONONU, balagagge gwanin gudanarwa da fasaha a cikin DSL filin da aka zaba domin tunani. TR101 yana wakiltar yanayin ci gaba na gaba da buƙatun fasaha / gudanarwa a cikin filin DSL, da CTC XPONONUzai koyi ko kadan daga gare ta
Yadda ake ƙaura daga cibiyar sadarwa ta DSL na tushen ATM (TR059) zuwa cibiyar sadarwar DSL na tushen Ethernet
Samar da mafi girman bandwidth da wadataccen sabis na IP (Video, VOIP, Wasa, L2VPN/IPVPN, da sauransu)
Mafi kyawun IP QOS
Ciki har da fasaha da buƙatun gudanarwa don mahimman ayyuka kamar VLAN, QOS, Multicast, da sauransu
4. 10G GPONONUTushen Fasaha
Daidaitaccen ci gaba na 10G GPONONU:
(1) FSAN ta raba PON na gaba zuwa matakai biyu: NGA1 yana dogara ne akan TDMA PON don yin saurin gudu. An bayyana saurin sa a matsayin 10Gbps. NGA2 tattaunawa ce ta wasu ƙarin yuwuwar haɓaka fasaha da wasu maƙasudin maƙasudin NG-PON1. Misali, WDM PON, OFDM, da sauransu. NG-PON za a iya amfani da su sosai ga FTTx, kamar masu amfani da kamfanoni, masu amfani da kowane mutum da wayar hannu.
(2)ITU NGA1 XGPON1: 10G GPON Asymmetric: Buga G.987.1&G.987.2 ; G.987.3&G. An buga 988 a cikin Yuni 2010.ITU NGA1 XGPON2： 10G GPON Symmetric：Tattaunawar ta fara a 2010.Q1. Yiwuwar ɗaya ita ce tsallake simintin 10G GPON da ƙaura kai tsaye zuwa NGA2.
5. GinaOLTyanayin tashar coding kayan aiki
Mu ne waniOLTmasana'antun kayan aiki, da gina muhalli na tashar coding za su shiga cikin dakin sadarwar mu.
Game da yanayin gina software na Tftpd32:
1. Saka kebul na serial a cikinOLTsamfur. Kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin hoton da ke ƙasa: babbar hanyar haɗin yanar gizo ita ce kebul na tashar tashar jiragen ruwa, kuma ƙananan hanyar haɗin yanar gizon.
2. Buɗe kwamfutar kuma zaɓi “Tftpd32″ software.
3. Zaɓi babban fayil na gida inda aka shigar Tftpd32.
OLT na'urar code write-v8 software muhalli yi
1. ZaɓiOLTWritten-v8 software, danna dama don buɗe wurin fayil ɗin sa.
2. Sabunta daidaitaccen fayil ɗin haɓakawa bisa gaOLTsamfurin bukatun.
OLTna'urar code write-v8 software muhalli yi
1. Idan an rubuta lambar cikin nasara, ƙirar kwamfutar za ta nuna kore "PASS"
2. Bayan da code da aka rubuta nasara, manna daidai Mac lakabin takarda a raya gefen hagu naOLTsamfur.
6. Sadarwawani/ fiber na ganiwanifarawa bincike
Game da abin da yake uboot: uboot shine ainihin babban shirin taya - bootloader. Boot, kammala ƙaddamarwar kayan aikin, fara mai ɗaukar kayan aikin dandamali, fara kayan aikin, da loda tsarin aiki. Goyan bayan hardware daban-daban, kamar ARM, MIPS, X86, AVR32, RISC-V architecture, da kuma tsarin aiki daban-daban, irin su WinCE, Linux kernel, Android Operating System Matsayin uboot shine fara CPU a matakin farko, rubuta a ciki. Harshen taro, fara cache, MMU, agogo, agogo, DDR3, eMMC, farawa a mataki na biyu, da farawa a matakin allo. Gabaɗaya, an rubuta shi cikin yaren C, fara tashar tashar jiragen ruwa, katin cibiyar sadarwa, usb, lcd, da samar da kayan aiki da yawa. Shigar da layin umarni na uboot, yi amfani da umarnin uboot, kuma loda tsarin aiki.
Game da Linux kernel:
Matsayin kwaya: sarrafa tsari da sadarwar tsari: ƙirƙirar tsari da gogewa, fifikon fifiko tsakanin matakai, tsarin jujjuyawar lokaci na matakai, da sadarwa tsakanin matakai. Gudanar da ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya: ƙayyadaddun ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya algorithm. Linux ne ke keɓance sararin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya na kowane tsari. Tsarin fayilolin da aka goyan baya na iya mayar da hankali kan direbobin Linux: na'urorin halayen, na'urorin toshe, na'urorin cibiyar sadarwa, katsewa, da agogon kernel ta hanyar cat/proc/filesystems, 4) sarrafa na'urar. Hanyar sadarwa: TCP/IP. Gidan yanar gizon hukuma na Linux kernel:https://www.kernel.org/
A halin yanzu, sadarwar muwani/ fiber na ganiwanisun shiga sa ido kan tsaro, kewayon cibiyar sadarwar otal da kewayon cibiyar sadarwar harabar. Idan kuna son ƙarin sani game da ilimin ciki na samfurin, da fatan za a karanta sauran takaddun da suka dace!
7. ONUSamfurin Foundation CLI
Game da masu hankaliONUsamfurin samfurin:
1, saitin filasha DEFAULT_ DEVICE_ NAME HUR2102XR//Na'ura-Sunan akan shafin yanar gizon
2.Flash saitin GPON_ ONU_ Model an ruwaito shiOLTa cikin yanayin MODE HUR2102XR// GPON
3, saitin flash GPON_ ONU_ MODEL HUR2102XR// Model da aka ruwaitoOLTa cikin yanayin GPON
4.flash set GPON_ ONU_ MODEL HUR2102XR// Model da aka ruwaitoOLTa cikin yanayin GPON
Babban samfuran kamfaninmuoltwani/acwani/gpwani/xponwani/kafiwaniduk samfurori ne masu zafi na kamfanin, waɗanda za su iya yin aiki tare da sa ido kan tsaro, ɗaukar hoto na cibiyar sadarwar otal da kewayon cibiyar sadarwar harabar. Idan kuna sha'awar, zaku iya tuntuɓar mu akan shafinmu na gida. Muna da ƙwararrun ƙungiyar R&D, pre-tallace-tallace da ƙungiyar bayan-tallace-tallace. Ƙarin daidaitaccen yanayin samarwa. Za a sami ƙwararrun manyan kasuwancin da za su gabatar da bayanan samfuran kamfaninmu da ayyukan da suka dace da ƙirar kafin siyar, kuma ƙungiyar sabis na ƙwararrun za ta raka ku bayan siyar. Barka da zuwa!
8. Bayanin sfp Optical fiber module
Ma'anar ƙirar gani: Tsarin gani yana kunshe da na'urorin optoelectronic, da'irori masu aiki da musaya masu gani. Na'urorin optoelectronic sun haɗa da sassa biyu: watsawa da karɓa. A takaice, aikin na'urar gani da ido shine canjin hoto. Ƙarshen watsawa yana canza siginar lantarki zuwa siginar gani. Bayan watsa ta hanyar fiber na gani, ƙarshen karɓa yana canza siginar gani zuwa siginar lantarki.
Nau'in module na gani:
1, Ta kunshin: 1X9, GBIC, SFF, SFP, XFP, SFP +, X2, XENPAK, 300pin
2, Rarraba da lantarki dubawa: zafi toshe (zinariya yatsa) (5g na gani module / 1.25g na gani module / 10g na gani module), fil waldi style (1 × 9/2 × 9 / SFF)
Gabaɗaya, siginar ya fi 2.5G, kuma akwai takamaiman asarar siginar lokacin da ake amfani da hanyar walda ta fil. Lokacin da ya wuce 10G, dole ne ku yi amfani da yatsan zinari. Don haka, manyan mu'amalar wutar lantarkin na yanzu duk suna cikin sigar yatsun zinare. Koyaya, fa'idar walda fil ɗin layi shine cewa ya fi yatsan zinare ƙarfi. A wasu lokuta na musamman, ana buƙatar yin amfani da ƙirar walda ta layin fil.
Idan kana son ƙarin sani game da gigabit single-mode sfp optical module ko wasu nau'ikan samfuran samfura, da fatan za a tuntuɓe mu a shafin gida!
9. SFP Sadarwa Tsarin Module Na gani
Kodayake kunshin, saurin gudu da nisan watsawa na nau'ikan nau'ikan kayan gani na gani daban-daban sun bambanta, abun da ke ciki nasu iri ɗaya ne. SFP transceiver Module na gani a hankali ya zama babban aikin aikace-aikacen saboda ƙarancinsa, dacewa mai zafi mai zafi, goyan bayan ma'aunin SFF8472, ingantaccen karatun analog, da ingantaccen ganowa (a cikin +/- 2dBm). Mai zuwa shine misali na ƙirar gani na SFP don gabatar da abun da ke ciki da ƙa'idodin aiki masu alaƙa:
Ainihin abun da ke ciki na ƙirar gani ya haɗa da sassa masu zuwa:
1. Na'urar gani: na'urar gani shine na'ura mai haɗaɗɗiyar haɗaɗɗiyar na'urar da ta ƙunshi ƴan kayan aikin optoelectronic da IC, abubuwan da ba za a iya amfani da su ba (kamar juriya, capacitance, inductance, inductance juna, microlens, isolator), fiber na gani da wayoyi na ƙarfe, waɗanda aka haɗa kuma kunshin tare don kammala ayyuka ɗaya ko da yawa.
2. Integrated Circuit Board (PCBA): Dukan tsari na PCB fanko jirgin hawa ta hanyar SMT (chip hawa) ko ta hanyar DIP toshe, ake magana a kai a matsayin PCBA. Na'urar watsawa ta gani / da'ira mai karɓar gani, guntu (guntu mai sarrafawa, guntun ajiya), amplifier (mai iyakacin ƙararrawa), dawo da bayanan agogo (CDR), yatsan zinare
3. Shell: na'urorin haɗi na waje sun haɗa da harsashi (rufin bangon takarda na sama), ɓangaren buɗewa, buckle, tushe (zinc alloy die-casting), jawo zobe, filogi na roba, da launi na zoben ja zai iya gane nau'in siga na module.
10. Analysis na SMT (SMT) aiwatar matsaloli na Tantancewar module PCB 'A
Girman na'urar gani da ido kanta kadan ne, kuma yawan abubuwan da ke cikin PCB 'A mai dacewa yana da girma kuma girman yana da karami. Gabaɗaya, abubuwan haɗin guntu galibi ana tattara su cikin fakitin 0402, kuma fakitin 0201 shima ana haɓakawa a hankali. Bugu da ƙari, saboda ƙirar na'urar tana buƙatar haɗawa tare da tashar tushen tsarin ta hanyar Golden Finger, matsalar "lalata" na Golden Finger a cikin tsarin SMT kuma ya zama ɗaya daga cikin matsalolin tsari.
Bugu da kari, saboda babban matakin haɗin kai, wasu na'urorin gani na PCBA suna buƙatar ɗaukar wasu hanyoyin ƙirƙira tsarin:
➢ Ta hanyar mai haɗin rami (THC: Ta hanyar Ramin Ramin) yana ɗaukar sabon tsari ta hanyar ramuka (THR: Ta hanyar Reflow);
➢ The m printed Circuit Board (FPC) da wuya bugu Circuit Board (PCB) ana welded ta hanyar taushi da kuma wuya alluna (FoB: FPC on Board);
➢ 0402 sabon 3D real taron walda tsari tsakanin guntu juriya da capacitance (CoC: Chip on Chip).
Barka da zuwa don ƙarin koyo game da ilimin samfurin sadarwa na gani na gani, pluggable Optical module, 10MW Tantancewar module, Tantancewar sadarwa module, cibiyar sadarwa Tantancewar module da sadarwa Tantancewar module a kan mu kamfanin ta gidan yanar gizon. A halin yanzu, ana iya amfani da samfuran na'urori na gani don sadarwar bayanai, kayan amfani da ɗakin kwamfuta, saka idanu kan tsaro da sarrafa masana'antu.
11. Ci gaba Trend of Optical Modules
1. Miniaturization
A halin yanzu, gasa a kasuwar sadarwa ta gani tana kara yin zafi, yawan kayan aikin sadarwa yana kara karanci, sannan kuma karfin sadarwa da ke kunshe a cikin allon sadarwa yana karuwa kuma yana karuwa. Na'urar gani na gargajiya da aka rabu da laser da mai ganowa ya kasance da wahala don daidaitawa da buƙatun kayan aikin sadarwa na zamani. Domin biyan buƙatun kayan aikin sadarwa don na'urorin gani, na'urorin gani na gani suna haɓaka zuwa ƙananan fakiti masu haɗaka sosai. Haɗe-haɗe-haɗe-haɗe-haɗe na optoelectronic kayayyaki taimaka masu amfani don aiwatar da high-gudun analog optoelectronic sigina, gajarta R&D da kuma samar da sake zagayowar, rage nau'i na sayan aka gyara, da kuma rage samar da farashin. Saboda haka, ana ƙara fifita su ta hanyar masana'antun kayan aiki.
2. Ƙananan farashi da ƙarancin wutar lantarki
Girman kayan aikin sadarwa yana ƙara ƙanƙanta da ƙarami, kuma haɗin haɗin haɗin da ke ƙunshe a cikin allon dubawa yana karuwa da girma, wanda ke buƙatar na'urorin optoelectronic don haɓakawa a cikin ƙananan farashi da ƙananan amfani. A halin yanzu, na'urorin gani gabaɗaya suna ɗaukar tsarin haɗin kai da tsarin marufi mai ɗaukar iska. Ci gaba na gaba zai zama marufi mara iska, wanda ke buƙatar dogaro da haɗin kai na gani na gani (wanda ba XYZ ba daidai ba) da sauran fasahohi don ƙara haɓaka matakin sarrafa kansa da rage farashi.
3. Babban darajar
Mutane suna buƙatar ƙarin bayani da saurin watsa bayanai. A matsayin babban ginshiƙi na musayar bayanai na zamani, sarrafawa da watsawa, cibiyar sadarwar gani ta kasance tana haɓaka zuwa matsananciyar mita mai tsayi, matsananciyar gudu da babban ƙarfi. Mafi girman adadin watsawa da iya aiki, ƙananan farashin watsa kowane bayani.
4. Dogon nisa
Cibiyar sadarwa ta gani ta yau tana da nisa sosai, wanda ke buƙatar na'urori masu nisa don daidaita ta. Siginar mai ɗaukar nesa mai nisa na iya watsa aƙalla kilomita 100 ba tare da ƙarawa ba. Babban manufarsa ita ce don adana ƙaƙƙarfan amplifier mai tsada da rage farashin sadarwar gani. Dangane da la'akari da nisa watsawa, yawancin masu watsawa masu nisa suna zaɓar band 1550 (matsayin tsayin tsayin ya kai kusan 1530 zuwa 1565 nm) azaman rukunin aiki, saboda asarar watsawar igiyar gani ba ta da yawa a cikin wannan kewayon, kuma akwai amplifiers na gani na gani duk suna aiki. a cikin wannan bandeji.
5. Musanya mai zafi
Ma’ana, ana iya haɗa tsarin ko cire haɗin daga na’urar ba tare da yanke wutar lantarki ba. Saboda tsarin na'urar yana da zafi-swappable, mai sarrafa cibiyar sadarwa zai iya haɓakawa da fadada tsarin ba tare da rufe hanyar sadarwa ba, wanda ba zai yi tasiri ga masu amfani da layi ba. Hot plugging kuma yana sauƙaƙa aikin kulawa gabaɗaya kuma yana bawa masu amfani da ƙarshen damar sarrafa kayan aikin su na transceiver. A lokaci guda, saboda wannan aikin musayar zafi mai zafi, wannan ƙirar yana ba da damar masu gudanar da cibiyar sadarwa don yin gabaɗayan tsarawa don ƙimar transceiver, nisan haɗin kai da duk hanyoyin sadarwar hanyar sadarwa bisa ga buƙatun haɓaka hanyar sadarwa, ba tare da maye gurbin duk allunan tsarin ba.
12. Basic Concepts of Switches
LAN na gargajiya yana amfani da HUB, mai bas guda ɗaya, kuma bas ɗaya yanki ne na rikici. Don haka LAN na gargajiya cibiyar sadarwa ce mai lebur, kuma LAN tana cikin yanki iri ɗaya ne. Saƙonnin da kowane mai masaukin baki ya aika za a karɓi su ta duk sauran injina a cikin yanki ɗaya na rikici. Daga baya, cibiyar sadarwa gada (Layer 2canza) an yi amfani dashi don maye gurbin cibiya (HUB) a cikin sadarwar. Ana iya ɗaukar kowace tashar jiragen ruwa a matsayin bas daban, kuma an rage yankin rikici zuwa kowace tashar jiragen ruwa, wanda ke inganta ingantaccen hanyar sadarwa ta hanyar aika saƙon unicast kuma yana haɓaka aikin cibiyar sadarwa ta Layer 2 sosai. Idan mai watsa shiri ya aika saƙon watsa shirye-shirye, na'urar zata iya karɓar saƙon watsa shirye-shirye. Yawancin lokaci muna kiran kewayon watsa saƙon watsa shirye-shirye azaman yankin watsa shirye-shirye. Lokacin da gadar cibiyar sadarwa ke watsa saƙon watsa shirye-shirye, har yanzu yana buƙatar yin kwafi da yawa na saƙon watsa shirye-shiryen kuma aika shi zuwa kowane kusurwoyi na hanyar sadarwa. Tare da fadada sikelin cibiyar sadarwa, ana samun ƙarin saƙonnin watsa shirye-shirye a cikin hanyar sadarwar, kuma saƙonnin watsa shirye-shiryen sun mamaye albarkatun cibiyar sadarwa da yawa, wanda ke tasiri sosai akan ayyukan cibiyar sadarwa. Wannan shine abin da ake kira matsalar guguwar watsa shirye-shirye.
Saboda ƙayyadaddun ƙa'idodin aiki na hanyar sadarwa mai layi biyu gada, gadar ba za ta iya yin komai ba game da guguwar watsa shirye-shirye. Domin inganta ingantaccen hanyar sadarwar, gabaɗaya ya zama dole a raba hanyar sadarwar: raba babban yankin watsa shirye-shirye zuwa ƙananan wuraren watsa shirye-shirye da yawa.
A da, ana rarraba LAN ta hanyar hanyoyin sadarwa. Thena'ura mai ba da hanya tsakanin hanyoyin sadarwaa cikin adadi ya maye gurbin tsakiya na tsakiyacanzaa cikin adadi na baya, wanda ke rage yawan watsa saƙonnin watsawa. Wannan maganin yana magance matsalar guguwar watsa shirye-shirye, ammana'ura mai ba da hanya tsakanin hanyoyin sadarwaana amfani da shi don ware cibiyar sadarwa a cikin sassan kan layin cibiyar sadarwa. Shirye-shiryen hanyar sadarwa yana da rikitarwa, hanyar sadarwar ba ta da sassauƙa, kuma yana ƙara wahalar sarrafawa da kulawa sosai. A matsayin madadin hanyar rarraba LAN, an gabatar da LAN mai kama-da-wane cikin hanyoyin sadarwar hanyar sadarwa don magance matsalolin da manyan mahallin cibiyar sadarwa mai Layer biyu ke fuskanta.
Virtual Local Area Network (VLAN) a haƙiƙa yana raba albarkatun cibiyar sadarwa da masu amfani da hanyar sadarwa bisa ga wasu ƙa'idodi, kuma yana raba ainihin hanyar sadarwa ta zahiri zuwa ƙananan cibiyoyin sadarwa masu ma'ana. Waɗannan ƙananan hanyoyin sadarwa masu ma'ana suna ƙirƙirar wuraren watsa shirye-shiryen nasu, wato, LAN VLANs. A cikin adadi, tsakiyacanzaana amfani da shi, amma hagu da dama na cikin VLANs daban-daban, suna kafa wuraren watsa shirye-shiryen nasu. Ba za a iya watsa saƙonnin watsa shirye-shirye a cikin waɗannan wuraren watsa shirye-shiryen ba.
Virtual LAN a ma'ana yana rarraba gungun masu amfani akan sassa daban-daban na hanyar sadarwa ta jiki zuwa LAN, wanda shine asali iri ɗaya da LAN na gargajiya a cikin aiki da aiki, kuma yana iya samar da haɗin kai na tsarin tasha a cikin takamaiman kewayon.
13. EPONONU/GPONONUBambanci, Afrilu 6, 2022
Matsayi daban-daban (tsarin PON)
Saukewa: IEEE 802.3. Wannan ma'auni ya haɗa fasahar Ethernet da PON. Ana amfani da fasahar PON a cikin Layer na zahiri kuma ana amfani da ka'idar Ethernet a cikin layin haɗin bayanai don samun damar hanyar sadarwar PON.
GPON: ITU-TG.984 jerin misali, dangane da watsa convergence Layer (TC), zai iya kammala karbuwa na high-matakin bambancin sabis
Daban-daban rates
EPON yana ba da tsayayyen haɓakawa da saukar da 1.25Gbps; EPON yana goyan bayan iyakar shunt na 1:64;
GPON yana goyan bayan ƙimar asymmetric uplink da downlink, tare da saukar da 2.5Gbps ko 1.25G da haɓaka 1.25Gbps;
GPON yana goyan bayan iyakar 1:128 (ƙimar ka'idar);
Aikace-aikace da ci gaba
EPON: ƙananan farashi da kulawa mai sauƙi, wanda shine zaɓi na yawancin masu aiki a farkon mataki
GPON: Cikakken ma'auni, ingantaccen tallafin sabis na haɗin gwiwa da manyan buƙatun fasaha sune yanayin hanyar sadarwar gani
Tsarin ma'auni na GPON yana da gaske "buɗe", wanda aka tattauna tare da inganta shi ta hanyar manyan kungiyoyi hudu (ITU-T SG15 Q2, FSAN, Broadband Forum, ATIS NIPP);
IEEE ne ya ƙaddamar da ƙa'idar EPON kuma masu aiki a ƙasashe daban-daban sun inganta, wanda ya kasance "rufe"
14. Babban Gabatarwa zuwa Ayyukan Software naONUKayayyaki
ONUSalon mu’amala da software sun kasu kashi biyu:
(1) Shiga Yanar Gizo
(2) Saita Shafin Yanar Gizo
ONU- Button:
Maɓalli: RST, WPS, WIFI
Wuri: gefe ko gaba (tsarin kayan aiki)
Aiki: Sake saitin don dawo da saitunan masana'anta, latsa ka riƙe don 5-10S, sannan a saki
WIFI kunna, kunna ko kashe aikin WIFI
Saitunan kariyar WPS WIFI: danna maɓallin WPS, kuma alamar WPS zata yi haske. A wannan lokacin, abokin ciniki na WIFI zai iya amfani da haɗin WPS don kammala haɗin hanyar sadarwar mara waya akai-akai ba tare da shigar da kalmar wucewa ta SSID ba.
Abubuwan haɗin fiber na gani da muke amfani da suONUsamfurori:
SC/UPC
➢ Mai Haɗawa Abokin Ciniki / Standard
➢ Nau'in turawa, mai sauƙin ɗauka da saukewa
➢ shine mafi yawan haɗin haɗin gwiwa. Hasken nauyi, ƙaramin girman, sauƙin aiki
➢ PON tashar jiragen ruwa donOLTkumaONU
SC/APC
➢ Tuntuɓar Jiki Angled
➢ Nika da goge saman microsphere a kusurwar digiri 8
➢ Komawa asarar ≥ 60dB, wanda aka saba amfani dashi a cibiyar sadarwar TV ta USB don watsa siginar CATV
Gano madauki: Gano madaidaicin tashar tashar jiragen ruwa: Aika saƙonni na musamman akan tashoshin na'urar kuma gano ko ana iya aika saƙonnin daga. Ana sake karɓar tashar jiragen ruwa don tantance ko akwai madaidaicin mashigai a tashar. Idan akwai ƙararrawa da na'urar ta aika, rufe tashar jiragen ruwa. Bayan an share madauki, sake buɗe tashar jiragen ruwa kuma a ba da rahoton share ƙararrawa.
Lokacin amfaniONUsamfuran, zai ƙunshi yadda muke sarrafaONU:
Hanyoyin gudanarwa guda huɗu naONU
Gudanar da WEB
Gudanar da CLI
Gudanar da OAM/OMCI
TR069/SNMP
15.ONU-OAM/OMCI
OAM
√ Aiki, Gudanarwa & Kulawa
√ Matsayin kasa da kasa IEEE 802.3 ah, ma'aunin gida CTC 3.0
√ OAM shine ka'idar hulɗar tsakaninONUda EPONOLTa cikin yanayin EPON "Tsarin ganowa" "tsarin haɗin gwiwa" "tambaya da saitin" "ƙararawa"
OMCI
√ Gudanarwa & Gudanar da Interface "ONT Management & Control Interface"
√ International Standard ITU-T G984. Saukewa: ITU-T G988
√ OMCI shine ka'idar hulɗar tsakaninONUda GPONOLTa cikin yanayin GPON
SNMP - Sauƙaƙan Tsarin Gudanar da hanyar sadarwa
Ana amfani da shi don wurin aiki na gudanarwa don sarrafa duk na'urorin sadarwar da ke goyan bayan ƙa'idar, gami da tambayar matsayin cibiyar sadarwa, daidaita tsarin cibiyar sadarwa, da karɓar bayanan faɗakarwar taron cibiyar sadarwa. "Gudanar Kanfigareshan" "Gudanar da Laifi" "Gudanar da Ayyuka" "Gudanar Tsaro"
Mabuɗin maɓalli guda biyu na SNMP sune MIB (Base Bayanin Gudanarwa) da OID (Mai Gano Abu)
Tushen bayanin gudanarwa MIB: yana bayyana bayanan gudanarwa waɗanda za a iya amfani da su akan na'urar. Wakili da tashar gudanarwa suna amfani da MIB azaman haɗin haɗin bayanai don sadarwa
OID mai gano abu: abin da MIB ke sarrafawa (mai ganowa na musamman)
Misali, 1.3.6.1.2.1.1.1.0 Sami bayanan tsarin asali (SysDesc)
16. Network Topology
√ Ana iya haɗa WiFi ta hanyar hanyoyin sadarwa daban-daban, kuma gano shi da samun damar shiga cibiyar sadarwa shima yana da nasa buƙatu da matakai. Cibiyar sadarwa mara waya ta WiFi ta ƙunshi nau'ikan topology iri biyu: abubuwan more rayuwa da ad-hoc. Mahimman ra'ayoyi guda biyu masu mahimmanci: tashar (STA): mafi mahimmancin ɓangaren cibiyar sadarwa. Kowace tashar da aka haɗa da cibiyar sadarwar mara waya (kamar kwamfutar tafi-da-gidanka, PDA da sauran na'urorin masu amfani waɗanda za a iya haɗa su da hanyar sadarwa) ana iya kiran su tasha. Wurin shiga mara waya (AP): mahaliccin hanyar sadarwa mara waya da tsakiyar kumburin hanyar sadarwa. Gabaɗaya, mara wayana'ura mai ba da hanya tsakanin hanyoyin sadarwaAna amfani dashi a cikin gida ko ofis shine AP. Tashoshi, maɓalli (kamar WEP), ƙa'idar hanyar sadarwa (kamar DHCP), haɗawa, da sauransu suna buƙatar saitawa. Abokan ciniki sune tebur, littafin rubutu, kwamfutar hannu da sauran na'urorin masu amfani.
√ Cibiyar sadarwa mara waya ta asali bisa AP
√ AP ce ta ƙirƙira kuma ta ƙunshi STAs da yawa
√ AP ita ce cibiyar sadarwar gaba daya
√ STA ba za ta iya sadarwa kai tsaye da juna ba kuma tana buƙatar AP ta tura shi. Mai zuwa shine samar da topology na kamfaninmu na GPONOLT/XPONOLT/OLTONU/ACONU/wayar wayaONU/WIFIONU/CATVONUdon tunani:
17. OSI 7-Layer Network Architecture
Layer na jiki: 802.11b yana bayyana adadin watsa bayanai na 11Mbps yana aiki a cikin rukunin mitar 2.4GHz ISM.
√ MAC Layer: MAC Layer yana ba da ayyuka da yawa don tallafawa aikin cibiyar sadarwa mara waya. Ta hanyar rukunin yanar gizon MAC Layer Za ka iya kafa hanyar sadarwa ko samun damar hanyar sadarwar data kasance kuma aika bayanai zuwa Layer LLC.
√ LLC Layer: IEEE802.11 yana amfani da Layer LLC iri ɗaya da adireshin MAC 48-bit kamar adireshin IEEE802.2, wanda ke sa gada tsakanin mara waya da waya ta dace sosai. Amma adireshin MAC na musamman ne kawai don tantance WLAN.
√ Network Layer: An karɓi ka'idar IP, wacce ita ce mafi mahimmancin yarjejeniya a cikin Ka'idodin Intanet da ake bi yayin sadarwa.
√ Transport Layer: TCP/UDP yarjejeniya an karɓa. TCP yarjejeniya ce ta haɗin kai kuma tana iya samar da watsawa ta IPRliable a ƙarƙashin yanayi; UDP wata yarjejeniya ce marar haɗin kai wacce ba ta samar da aminci ga IP ba
√ Watsawa. Don aikace-aikace masu dogaro sosai, layin sufuri gabaɗaya yana ɗaukar ka'idar TCP. Layer na aikace-aikacen: ana aiwatar da shi bisa ga buƙatun aikace-aikacen, kamar ka'idar HTTP, DNS (Tsarin sunan yanki, tsarin ƙudurin sunan yanki) yarjejeniya. A halin yanzu, Haidiwei ya fi samar da layin sadarwa da kayan aikin watsawa, kamar: all-opticalcanza, SFP Optical module, GPONOLT, GPONONUjerin, kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin wannan adadi:
18.ONU+ Akwatin Kofar STB, Afrilu 7, 2022
A halin yanzu, a matsayin na'urar tashar mai amfani,ONUna'ura ce daban mai zaman kanta daga akwatin saitin TV na dijital. An haɗa shi da tsarin akwatin saiti ta hanyar ƙirar mai amfani naONUa cikin tsarin EPON. Lokacin da na gaba na hanyar sadarwa na watsawa ya haɓaka zuwa FTTH, kowane gida yana buƙatar na'urori biyu na ƙarshe, akwatin saiti ɗaya da ɗaya.ONU, wanda zai ɓata sararin mai amfani da kuma ƙara nauyin amfani mai amfani. A wannan lokacin, 9602CONU+ Fasahar samfurin STB ta zama burin masana'antar. Ta hanyar haɗa ayyukanONUa cikin akwatin saiti, aikin akwatin saitin zai zama mafi ƙarfi, saurin sarrafa bayanai zai yi sauri, kuma tsammanin aikace-aikacen zai kasance mai faɗi.
A halin yanzu, ci gaban IPTV ya fi fuskantar matsalolin fasaha na yadda za a karya ta hanyar iyakance hanyoyin sadarwa, da kuma ainihin mahimmin shigar fiber na gani na sadarwa a cikin gida. Cibiyar sadarwar gani ta 10G-PON ba za ta iya ba kawai damar masu amfani su saurare da kallon jerin shirye-shirye masu kayatarwa da ban mamaki kamar HD, UHD, 3D ba, amma kuma ba wa masu amfani da sabis na Intanet mai ƙarfi kamar kulawar likitancin kan layi, kan layi. koyarwa, kasuwanci ta yanar gizo, hira ta murya, sadarwar bidiyo, da dai sauransu, Har ma yana iya taka rawar mai kula da gida a cikin gidan mai amfani, yana ba masu amfani da ingantaccen tsaro na gida, Intanet na gida da sauran hidimomin gida masu wayo. Domin magance matsalolin da ke sama, Shenzhen Haidiwei Optoelectronic Technology Co., Ltd. ya ba da shawarar "9602C".ONU+STB” R&D aikin. Don wannan dalili, an ƙaddamar da shi don haɓaka fasaha, bincika ƙarin fasahar fasaha da goyon bayan fasaha mai girma, da kuma bincika sababbin sababbin kayan aikin cibiyar sadarwa masu dacewa ga yawancin kungiyoyi.
19. Dandalin MINIONU
A halin yanzuONUkayan aiki yafi hada daONUguntu, BOSA (Bi-direction Optical Subasembly) na'urar transceiver na gani biyu, tsarin wutar lantarki, allon da'ira da aka buga da harsashi mai kariya; TheONUguntu, na'ura mai gani da kuma na'urar wutar lantarki suna kunshe a kan allon da'ira da aka buga; Ɗayan ƙarshen BOSA shine mai haɗawa tare da pigtail, wanda aka gyara akan allon da'irar da aka buga kuma ana amfani da shi don docking tare da haɗin fiber na gani daga tashar layin gani.OLT; Hakanan an haɗa ɗayan ƙarshen BOSA tare da allon PCB; Wannan tsarin yana kaiwa ga babban girma na gaba ɗayaONUsamfurin, ya mamaye sarari kuma ba shi da sauƙin shigarwa, kuma yana da wahala a bar tiren fiber na gani. A koyaushe za a sami wani sashe na fiber na gani da aka fallasa, wanda ke da matukar rauni ga jerin matsaloli kamar karyewar fiber da gazawar sauya siginar da sojojin waje ke haifarwa. Don magance matsalolin da ke sama, "MINIONUsquare” bincike da ci gaban aikin da aka gabatar. Don wannan dalili, an aiwatar da haɓakar fasaha, ƙarin fasahar fasaha da fasaha mai girma da aka yi nazari, kuma an bincika ƙarin sabbin kayan aikin cibiyar sadarwa da gaske. Shenzhen Haidiwei Optoelectronics yana ba da nau'ikan GPON iri-iriONU/WIFIONU/ ODM sabis, samar da sabis na tsayawa ɗaya ga abokan ciniki na irin wannan kasuwancin.
20. MINI Transceiver
Na'urar transceiver na fiber na gargajiya na na'urar musayar watsa labarai ta Ethernet ce wacce ke musanya gajeriyar sigina na lantarki da aka karkatar da nisa da sigina na gani mai nisa, wanda ke tsawaita nisan haɗin Ethernet kuma yana karya iyakar nisa na mita 100 ta amfani da murɗaɗɗen biyu. Ana amfani da transceivers na fiber na gani gabaɗaya a cikin ainihin mahallin cibiyar sadarwa inda kebul na Ethernet ba zai iya rufewa ba kuma dole ne a yi amfani da fiber na gani don tsawaita nisan watsawa, kuma galibi ana sanya su a cikin aikace-aikacen Layer na hanyar sadarwa na yankin babban birni. Gabaɗaya, haɗin wutar lantarki na transceiver fiber na gani akan kasuwa yana da alaƙa kai tsaye tare da babban guntu. Idan an sami canji kwatsam na ƙarfin shigar da wutar lantarki ko halin yanzu, ƙimar watsawa da inganci za su yi tasiri, kuma babban guntu zai lalace cikin sauƙi. Don magance matsalolin da ke sama, an gabatar da aikin "IC + 175 MINI transceiver" R & D aikin: don inganta fasaha, nazarin ƙarin fasahar fasaha da goyon bayan fasaha mai girma, da kuma nazarin sababbin sababbin kayan aikin sadarwa masu dacewa ga mafi yawan. na kungiyoyi. A lokaci guda kuma, kamfaninmu yana buƙatar sashen kuɗi don kafa asusun ajiyar kuɗi mai zaman kansa don bincike da farashin ci gaba na aikin, kuma kudaden suna ƙarƙashin kulawar asusu na musamman. Sashen fasaha dole ne ya ƙarfafa gudanar da ayyukan, kuma sauran sassan kamfanin za su ba da taimako da haɗin kai bisa ga bukatun ƙungiyar aikin R & D don tabbatar da aiwatarwa da kuma kammala aikin. Shenzhen Haidiwei Optoelectronic Technology Co., Ltd. yana ba da fiber na ganicanzada sabis na ODM
21. Powered POE nano transceiver
A cikin tsarin shigarwa na filaye na filaye na al'ada na gargajiya, kayan aikin juyawa na photoelectric yana buƙatar shigar da kayan aiki, yayin da kayan aikin canza kayan aiki na zamani yana amfani da yanayin samar da wutar lantarki guda ɗaya, wato, don samun ƙarfin aiki daga sauran kayan aikin wutar lantarki don kiyaye kwanciyar hankali. Duk da haka, lokacin da tashar samun wutar lantarki na kayan aikin juyawa na photoelectric ya kasa, ko kuma ƙungiyar samar da wutar lantarki ta kasa, kayan aikin juyawa na photoelectric ba zai yi aiki akai-akai ba, don haka yana tasiri sosai akan tsarin aiki. Don magance matsalolin da ke sama, an gabatar da aikin "IC + nano PD POE transceiver" R & D aikin: don inganta fasaha, nazarin ƙarin fasahar fasaha da goyon bayan fasaha mai girma, da kuma nazarin sababbin sababbin kayan aikin sadarwa masu dacewa don yawancin kungiyoyi. A lokaci guda kuma, kamfaninmu yana buƙatar sashen kuɗi don kafa asusun ajiyar kuɗi mai zaman kansa don bincike da farashin ci gaba na aikin, kuma kudaden suna ƙarƙashin kulawar asusu na musamman. Sashen fasaha dole ne ya ƙarfafa gudanar da ayyukan, kuma sauran sassan kamfanin za su ba da taimako da haɗin kai bisa ga bukatun ƙungiyar aikin R & D don tabbatar da aiwatar da aikin da kuma kammala aikin.
22. Na'urar sadarwa ta ganiONU
OLT: Tashar layin gani, wanda ke sarrafa na'urori masu yawa (ONUs). Hakanan na'ura ce a ƙofar hanyar sadarwa ta waje da ƙofar hanyar sadarwa ta ciki. Matsayi: samar da hanyar sadarwa ta gefen cibiyar sadarwa don cibiyar sadarwar samun damar gani da sadarwa tare daONUa gefen mai amfani ta hanyar ODN ɗaya ko fiye. Dangantaka tsakaninOLTkumaONUsadarwa ce ta ubangida-bawa. ODN: cibiyar sadarwa na rarraba gani, wanda akafi sani da mai raba gani. Ana rarraba siginar hanyar gani na layin gangar jikin zuwa kayan aiki akan tashoshi masu yawa (ONUS). Matsayi: Yana ba da hanyoyin watsa gani a tsakaninOLTkumaONU. Babban aikinsa shine kammala aikin aikin ikon siginar gani. ODN hanyar sadarwa ce ta rarraba kayan gani zalla wacce ta ƙunshi abubuwan da ba za a iya gani ba (kamar fiber na gani da kebul, mai haɗin gani da mai raba gani).ONU: naúrar cibiyar sadarwa na gani; Gabaɗaya, ana iya fahimtar shi azaman gidana'ura mai ba da hanya tsakanin hanyoyin sadarwaor canza. Babban bambanci tsakanin kayan aikin da ake amfani da su a cikin hanyar sadarwa na yau da kullun na karkace shine cewa akwai ƙarin tashar hanyar sadarwa ta gani. Aiki: Yana ba da keɓance mai amfani-gefen nesa don cibiyar sadarwar samun damar gani, wanda ke gefen mai amfani na ODN. OAN wata hanyar sadarwa ce ta hanyar amfani da fasahar watsa fiber na gani, wato tsarin sadarwa tsakanin ofishin sauya sheka da masu amfani da ke amfani da fiber na gani gaba daya ko bangare. Ana iya raba hanyar sadarwa ta hanyar gani zuwa cibiyar sadarwa mara kyau (PON) da cibiyar sadarwa na gani mai aiki (AON). Idan aka kwatanta da waɗannan nau'ikan hanyoyin sadarwa na gani guda biyu, haɓakar hanyar sadarwa mai saurin gani za ta yi sauri ta fuskar farashi. Dangane da takamaiman wurinONUA cikin hanyar sadarwa ta hanyar sadarwa, ana iya raba OAN zuwa nau'ikan aikace-aikacen daban-daban: 1) fiber na gani zuwa akwatin junction (FTTCab) 2) fiber na gani zuwa gefen hanya (FTTCub) 3) fiber na gani don gini (FTTB) 4) fiber na gani zuwa gida (FTTH) da fiber na gani zuwa ofis (FTTO) Fasahar PON: PON shine hanyar sadarwa ta hanyar sadarwa ta hanyar fiber guda biyu tare da tsarin ma'ana-zuwa-multipoint (P2MP), kuma yanayin yanayinsa na yau da kullun shine nau'in itace.
23. Yadda ake rarrabe hanyar sadarwa ta hanyar ganiOLTkumaONU
MeneneOLT?
Cikakken sunanOLTshine tashar tashar Optical Line.OLTtashar tashar layin gani ce, wacce ita ce ƙarshen kayan aikin sadarwa na ofis. Ana amfani dashi don haɗa layin gangar jikin fiber na gani. Yana aiki azaman acanzaor na'ura mai ba da hanya tsakanin hanyoyin sadarwaa cikin hanyar sadarwar gargajiya, kuma na'ura ce a ƙofar hanyar sadarwa ta waje da kuma hanyar shiga cikin hanyar sadarwa. A ƙarshen ofis, ayyuka mafi mahimmancin aiwatarwa sune tsarin zirga-zirgar ababen hawa, sarrafa buffer, da mahaɗar hanyar sadarwa mai ma'ana ta mai amfani da rarraba bandwidth. A cikin sauƙi, shine don gane ayyuka guda biyu: samun dama ga hanyar sadarwar PON; Don abubuwan da ke ƙasa, za a aika bayanan da aka samu kuma a rarraba su ga kowaONUna'urorin tashar mai amfani ta hanyar hanyar sadarwar ODN.
MeneneONU?
ONUshine naúrar hanyar sadarwa ta gani.ONUyana da ayyuka biyu: don zaɓin karɓar watsa shirye-shiryen da aka aikoOLT, da kuma karba da amsa gaOLTidan yana buƙatar karɓar bayanan; Tattara ku adana bayanan Ethernet da masu amfani ke buƙatar aikawa, da aika bayanan da aka adana zuwa gaOLTtasha bisa ga taga aikawa da aka ware.
A cikin hanyar sadarwar FTTx (danna nan don koyo da sauri game da FTTx), hanyoyin turawa daban-daban naONUsamun dama kuma ya bambanta, misali, FTTC (Fiber To The Curb):ONUan sanya shi a cikin tsakiyar ɗakin kwamfuta na tantanin halitta; FTTB (Fiber Zuwa Ginin):ONUan sanya shi a cikin akwatin junction na corridor; FTTH (Fiber Zuwa Gida):ONUan sanya shi a cikin mai amfani da gida.
24. Game da Yadda ake Amfani da Gigabit Optical Modules tare da Sauyawa
Yadda ake daidaita na'urorin gani da na'urori masu sauyawa ya kasance koyaushe batu mai zafi a cikin masana'antar. Wasan da ke tsakanin masu sauyawa da na'urori masu gani ba kawai yana ƙayyade ko ana iya amfani da su akai-akai bayan haɗawa ba, amma kuma yana rinjayar ko za'a iya inganta tsarin cibiyar sadarwa tare da ƙananan farashi da inganci mai yawa a cikin mataki na gaba. Saboda haka, HDV zai mayar da hankali kan yadda ake amfani da na'urorin gani na gigabit tare da masu sauyawa. Domincanza, da Tantancewar tashar jiragen ruwa na firamcanzagabaɗaya yana iya tallafawa amfani da gigabit Optical module don tashar tashar gani mai girman gigabit 10, da kuma amfani da na'urar gani mai girman gigabit 100 don ƙirar gigabit, wato saurin ƙasa. Duk da haka, uplink Tantancewar tashar jiragen ruwa na akwatincanzabaya goyan bayan raguwar saurin da ke sama, kuma tashar tashar gani ta ƙasa tana iya tallafawa rage saurin sama a ƙarƙashin yanayin al'ada. Koyaya, gabaɗaya ba a ba da shawarar rage saurin tashar haske ba. Saboda haka, gigabit Optical module da gigabitcanzasune mafi kyawun zabi.
Tsarin gani na gigabit ya dogara ne akan yanayin aikace-aikacen daban-daban: sadarwar bayanai, abubuwan amfani da dakin kwamfuta, cibiyar bayanai, sa ido kan tsaro, da sarrafa masana'antu.
25. MuOLTKayan aiki
OLTtashar tashar tashar gani ce. Yana da waniOLTtsarin gudanarwa na cibiyar sadarwa bisa CLI, WEB da NMS, wanda ake amfani dashi don haɗa kayan aiki na tashar tashar fiber na gani. Dangane da tsarin ka'idar tsarin EPON,OLTya fahimci ka'idodin aikin sa, yana nazarin buƙatun kasuwanci na tashoshi na layin gani, ya bambanta manyan kayan aikin aiki, kuma yayi magana akan ayyukan kowane ɓangare na tsarin EPON. AmfaninOLTƙananan ƙananan, kayan aiki masu sauƙi, ƙananan shigarwa da farashin kulawa, da ƙananan zuba jari. Kayan aiki na gani mai ƙarfi yana da sassauƙa a cikin hanyar sadarwa, kuma topology ɗin sa na iya tallafawa bishiya, tauraro, bas, matasan, rashin ƙarfi da sauran hanyoyin sadarwa. Sauƙi don shigarwa, yana da nau'ikan ciki da waje. Ana iya rataye siffarsa ta waje kai tsaye a bango ko sanya shi akan sandar "H", ba tare da haya ko gina ɗakin injin ba. Duk da haka, tsarin aiki yana buƙatar photoelectric da electro-optical juyawa, kuma farashin kayan aikin kayan aiki yana da yawa. Yana buƙatar amfani da shafuka na musamman da dakunan inji. Matsalar samar da wutar lantarki mai nisa yana da wuyar warwarewa, kuma aikin kulawa na yau da kullun yana da yawa. Cibiyar sadarwa mai wucewa ta dace don sadarwar batu-zuwa-multipoint. Ana amfani da mai raba wutar gani kawai don gane rarraba wutar lantarki. Cibiyoyin sadarwa na gani mai wucewa tsantsa matsakaiciyar hanyar sadarwa ce, wacce gaba daya ke nisantar tsangwama na lantarki da tasirin walƙiya, kuma ya dace da amfani da shi a wuraren da ke da yanayin yanayi mara kyau. Daga mahangar ci gaban fasaha, faɗaɗa hanyar sadarwa mai sauƙi yana da sauƙi, kuma baya haɗa da canjin kayan aiki. Ana buƙatar haɓaka software na kayan aiki kawai. Ana sayen kayan aikin kayan aiki sau ɗaya kuma ana amfani da su na dogon lokaci, wanda ke kafa harsashin fiber na gani don shiga gida kuma yana tabbatar da zuba jari na masu amfani.
