IPv4 bụ ụdị nke anọ nke Internet Protocol (IP) na nke mbụ a na-ejikarị eme ihe nke bụ ntọala nke teknụzụ ịntanetị taa. Ngwaọrụ na ngalaba ọ bụla ejikọrọ na ịntanetị ka e kenyere nọmba pụrụ iche nke a na-akpọ adreesị IP. Adreesị IPv4 bụ nọmba 32-bit nwere decimal anọ. N'etiti ihe nkesa ọ bụla decimal bụ ọnụọgụ n'etiti 0 na 255. Ọmụmaatụ: 192.0.2.235
N'oge a, n'ihi ọdịdị ọhụrụ nke IPv6, IPv4 ka bụ ntọala maka ọtụtụ ọrụ ịntanetị, na ọtụtụ ngwaọrụ na-ahazi na IPv4. N'ọnọdụ a, ọtụtụ ngwaọrụ enweghị ike iji IPv6 na-ekwurịta okwu, na-ebute ọtụtụ ndị mmadụ n'otu n'otu, azụmahịa, na ndị ọzọ ka chọrọ IPv4. Ọzọ, anyị ga-ewebata usoro ngwugwu nke IPv4.
Ụdị ngwugwu IPv4
(1)Ụdị ahụndekọ ubi maka 4 bits, na-egosi ụdị nke protocol IP.
(2)Ogologo nkụnye eji isi mee IP, A na-eji ubi a kọwaa ogologo nke nkụnye eji isi mee IP, n'ihi na enwere akụkụ nhọrọ ogologo dị iche iche na nkụnye eji isi mee IP. Akụkụ a nwere 4 bits, yana nkeji ogologo nke 4 bytes, nke pụtara na uru dị na mpaghara a = ogologo nkụnye eji isi mee IP (na bytes) / nkeji ogologo (4 bytes).
(3)Ụdị ọrụ: 8 ibe n'ibe n'ogologo.
PPP: Nkeji atọ mbụ na-akọwa mkpa ngwugwu ahụ. Ihe dị mkpa ka uru bụ, ihe dị mkpa na Big data bụ
000 (Ekem) Nkịtị
001 (Ibu ụzọ), ejiri maka azụmaahịa data
010 (Ozugbo) ozugbo, maka azụmahịa data
011 (Flash) ọsọ ọkụ maka nnyefe olu
100 (Flash Overrides) ngwa ngwa maka azụmahịa vidiyo
101 (dị oke mkpa) CRI/TIC/ECP dị oke mkpa maka nnyefe olu
110 (Njikwa ịntanetị) Njikwa netwọkụ mmekọrịta, ejiri maka njikwa netwọkụ, dị ka usoro ngagharị.
111 (njikwa netwọkụ) njikwa netwọkụ, ejiri maka njikwa netwọkụ
DTRCO: nkeji ise ikpeazụ
(1000) D igbu oge: 0: nkeji igbu oge, 1: wedata igbu oge dịka o kwere mee
(0100) T throughput: 0: max throughput (kacham ntinye), 1: Gbalịa ịbawanye okporo ụzọ dị ka o kwere mee.
(0010) R ntụkwasị obi: 0: max throughput, 1: welie ntụkwasị obi
(0001) M nnyefe ego: 0: min Monday ọnụ ahịa (obere ụzọ n'elu), 1: wedata ọnụ ahịa dị ka o kwere mee.
(0000): nkịtị (ọrụ oge niile).
(4)Ngụkọta ogologo nke ngwugwu IP: 16 ibe n'ibe n'ogologo. Ogologo ngwugwu IP gbakọrọ na bytes (gụnyere nkụnye eji isi mee na data), yabụ ogologo kacha ogologo nke ngwugwu IP bụ 65 535 bytes. Yabụ, nha nke ngwungwu ịkwụ ụgwọ=Ngụkọta ogologo ngwugwu IP - ogologo nkụnye eji isi mee IP.
(5)Ihe nchọpụta: 16 ibe n'ibe n'ogologo. A na-eji mpaghara a na njikọ Flags na Fragment Offer ubi iji kewaa ngwugwu ọkwa dị elu buru ibu. Mgberawụtana-ekewa ngwugwu, obere ngwugwu niile gbawara ekewa ka ejiri otu uru, ka ngwaọrụ ebe a na-aga nwere ike ịmata ọdịiche nke ngwugwu nke nkewa ahụ.
(6)Ọkọlọtọ: 3 ibe n'ogologo.
Ejighi nkeji mbụ nke ubi a.
Nke abụọ bit bụ DF (Don't Fragment) bit. Mgbe atọrọ DF bit ka 1, ọ na-egosi narawụtaenweghị ike ịkewaa ngwugwu oyi akwa elu. Ọ bụrụ na enweghị ike ibugharị ngwugwu oyi akwa na-enweghị nkewa, nke ahụrawụtaga-atụfu ngwugwu oyi akwa elu wee weghachi ozi njehie.
Nke atọ bit bụ MF (More Fragments) bit. MgberawụtaNkeji nke ngwugwu oyi akwa dị elu, ọ na-edobe ntakịrị MF ka ọ bụrụ 1 na nkụnye eji isi mee nke ngwugwu IP ma ewezuga akụkụ ikpeazụ.
(7)Mwepu iberibe: Ogologo nke 13 bits, tụrụ na nkeji nke 8 octets. Na-egosiputa ọnọdụ nke ngwugwu IP na ngwugwu akụrụngwa, nke a na-eji njedebe nnata na-agbakọta ma weghachite ngwugwu IP.
(8)Oge ibi ndụ (TTL): Ogologo ya bụ 8 ibe n'ibe, na mbụ e mere na sekọnd (s), ma n'ezie tụrụ na hops. Uru ndabara akwadoro bụ 64. Mgbe ebutere ngwugwu IP, a na-ebu ụzọ kenye otu uru na mpaghara a. Mgbe ngwugwu IP gafere nke ọ bụlarawụtan'ụzọ, onye ọ bụlarawụtaN'ụzọ ga-ebelata uru TTL nke ngwugwu IP site na 1. Ọ bụrụ na TTL belata na 0, a ga-atụfu ngwugwu IP ahụ. Ogige a nwere ike igbochi ngwugwu IP na-aga n'ihu na netwọk n'ihi loops ntụgharị.
(9)Protocol: 16 ibe n'ibe n'ogologo. A na-eji ya maka ịchọpụta izi ezi nke nkụnye eji isi mee IP, mana anaghị agụnye ngalaba data. N'ihi na onye ọ bụlarawụtakwesịrị ịgbanwe uru TTL, nkerawụtaga-emegharị uru a maka ngwugwu ọ bụla na-agafe agafe
(10)Isi Checksum: 16 ibe n'ibe n'ogologo. A na-eji ya maka ịchọpụta izi ezi nke nkụnye eji isi mee IP, mana anaghị agụnye ngalaba data. N'ihi na onye ọ bụlarawụtakwesịrị ịgbanwe uru TTL, nkerawụtaga-emegharị uru a maka ngwugwu ọ bụla na-agafe agafe
(11)Isi mmalite na adreesị ebe: Adreesị abụọ a bụ 32 bit. Na-achọpụta mmalite na adreesị ebe nke ngwugwu IP a. Biko mara na ọ gwụla ma ejiri NAT mee ihe, adreesị abụọ a agaghị agbanwe n'oge usoro mgbasa ozi niile.
(12)Nhọrọ: Nke a bụ mpaghara ogologo agbanwe agbanwe. Ogige a bụ nhọrọ ma bụrụkwa nke a na-eji maka nnwale, enwere ike deekwa ya site na ngwaọrụ ewepụtara dịka achọrọ ya. Ngwa nhọrọ gụnyere ihe ndị a:
• Ntugharị isi mmalite adịghị mma: Nye usoro adreesị IP makarawụtainterfaces. A ga-ebunye ngwugwu IP n'akụkụ adreesị IP ndị a, mana a na-ahapụ ya ka ịwụpụ ọtụtụ ndị na-anya ụgbọ mmiri n'etiti adreesị IP abụọ na-esochi.
• Ntugharị isi mmalite siri ike: Nye usoro adreesị IP makarawụtainterfaces. A ga-ebunye ngwugwu IP n'akụkụ adreesị IP ndị a, ma ọ bụrụ na hop na-esote adịghị na tebụl adreesị IP, ọ na-egosi njehie.
• Ụzọ ndekọ: Dekọọ adreesị IP nke ihe na-apụ apụ nke rawụta mgbe ngwugwu IP hapụrụ nke ọ bụlarawụta.
• akara ogeDekọọ oge mgbe ngwugwu IP na-ahapụ nke ọ bụlarawụta.
• Padding: N'ihi na unit nke IP nkụnye eji isi mee bụ 32 ibe n'ibe, ogologo nke IP nkụnye eji isi mee ga-abụ ihe integer multiple nke 32 bit. Ya mere, mgbe nhọrọ nhọrọ, IP protocol ga-ejupụta na ọtụtụ efu iji nweta ọnụọgụ integer nke 32 bit.
Enwere ike itinye data IPV4 na ụlọ ọrụ anyịONUngwaọrụ netwọkụ, yana ngwaahịa ire ere na-ekpo ọkụ na-ekpuchi ụdị dị iche icheONUngwaahịa usoro, gụnyere ACONU/ nzikọrịta oziONU/ nwere ọgụgụ isiONU/igbeONU, wdg. Nke dị n'eluONUEnwere ike iji ngwaahịa usoro maka ihe netwọk chọrọ n'ọnọdụ dị iche iche. Nabata onye ọ bụla ka ọ bịa ma nwee nghọta teknụzụ zuru ezu nke ngwaahịa ahụ.
