Kuwalamasiwichinthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito pa Ethernetmasiwichizikuphatikizapo SFP, GBIC, XFP, ndi XENPAK.
Mayina awo onse achingerezi:
SFP: Small Form-FactorPluggabletransceiver, transceiver yaying'ono yolumikizidwa
GBIC: GigaBit InterfaceConverter, Gigabit Ethernet Interface Converter
XFP: 10-Gigabit yaying'onoForm-factorPluggable transceiver 10 Gigabit Ethernet mawonekedwe
Transceiver yaing'ono yamaphukusi
XENPAK: 10-Gigabit EtherNetTransceiverPAcKage 10 Gigabit Ethernet mawonekedwe transceiver seti phukusi.
Cholumikizira cha fiber fiber
Cholumikizira CHIKWANGWANI chamawonekedwe chimapangidwa ndi ulusi wa kuwala ndi pulagi pa malekezero onse a ulusi wa kuwala, ndipo pulagi imapangidwa ndi pini ndi zotumphukira zotsekera. Malinga ndi njira zosiyanasiyana zokhoma, zolumikizira za fiber optic zitha kugawidwa mumtundu wa FC, mtundu wa SC, mtundu wa LC, mtundu wa ST ndi mtundu wa KTRJ.
Cholumikizira cha FC chimagwiritsa ntchito makina otsekera ulusi, ndi cholumikizira cholumikizira ulusi chomwe chidapangidwa kale ndipo chimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri.
SC ndi mgwirizano wamakona anayi opangidwa ndi NTT. Ikhoza kulumikizidwa mwachindunji ndi kumasulidwa popanda kulumikiza wononga. Poyerekeza ndi cholumikizira cha FC, ili ndi malo ang'onoang'ono opangira ndipo ndi yosavuta kugwiritsa ntchito. Zogulitsa za Ethernet zotsika ndizofala kwambiri.
LC ndi cholumikizira cha Mini-type SC chopangidwa ndi LUCENT. Ili ndi kukula kochepa ndipo yakhala ikugwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'dongosolo. Ndi njira yopangira zolumikizira za fiber optic mtsogolo. Zogulitsa za Ethernet zotsika ndizofala kwambiri.
Cholumikizira cha ST chimapangidwa ndi AT & T ndipo chimagwiritsa ntchito njira yotseka ya bayonet. Magawo akulu ndi ofanana ndi zolumikizira za FC ndi SC, koma sizimagwiritsidwa ntchito kawirikawiri m'makampani. Nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito pazida zama multimode kuti zilumikizane ndi opanga ena Amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri akamakwera.
Zikhomo za KTRJ ndi pulasitiki. Amayikidwa ndi zikhomo zachitsulo. Pamene kuchuluka kwa makwerero kumawonjezeka, malo okwererawo amatha, ndipo kukhazikika kwawo kwanthawi yayitali sikuli bwino ngati kolumikizira mapini a ceramic.
Kudziwa za fiber
Optical fiber ndi conductor yomwe imatumiza mafunde a kuwala. CHIKWANGWANI chamawonedwe akhoza kugawidwa mu single-mode CHIKWANGWANI ndi Mipikisano mode CHIKWANGWANI kuchokera mumalowedwe kufala kuwala.
Mu fiber ya single-mode, pali njira imodzi yokha yofalitsira kuwala, ndiko kuti, kuwala kumafalikira mkati mwa mkati mwa ulusi. Chifukwa kufalikira kwa ma mode kumapewedweratu ndipo gulu lopatsirana la fiber single-mode ndi lalikulu, ndiloyenera kuyankhulana kothamanga kwambiri komanso mtunda wautali.
Pali mitundu ingapo ya kufala kwa kuwala mu multimode fiber. Chifukwa cha kubalalikana kapena kusokonekera, ulusiwu umakhala ndi kachitidwe koyipa kotumiza, kagulu kakang'ono kafupipafupi, kawopsedwe kakang'ono, komanso mtunda waufupi.
Optic fiber khalidwe magawo
Mapangidwe a ulusi wa kuwala amakokedwa ndi ndodo zopangira quartz. Mbali yakunja ya fiber multimode ndi single mode fiber yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito polumikizana ndi 125 μm.
Slim thupi lagawidwa magawo awiri: pachimake ndi cladding wosanjikiza. Makulidwe apakati a fiber single-mode ndi 8 ~ 10μm, ndipo mainchesi amtundu wa multimode ali ndi mawonekedwe awiri. Ma diameter apakati ndi 62.5μm (American standard) ndi 50μm (European standard).
Mawonekedwe a fiber mawonekedwe amafotokozedwa motere: 62.5μm / 125μm multimode fiber, pamene 62.5μm imatanthawuza chigawo chapakati cha fiber ndipo 125μm imatanthawuza kutalika kwa kunja kwa fiber.
Ulusi wamtundu umodzi umagwiritsa ntchito kutalika kwa 1310nm kapena 1550nm.
Ulusi wa Multimode umagwiritsa ntchito kuwala kwa 850 nm.
Utoto ukhoza kusiyanitsidwa kuchokera ku single-mode fiber ndi multi-mode fiber. Thupi lakunja kwa ulusi wamtundu umodzi ndi lachikasu, ndipo thupi lakunja lamitundu yambiri ndi lofiira ngati lalanje.
Gigabit Optical port
Gigabit optical ports imatha kugwira ntchito munjira zokakamizika komanso zongokambirana. M'mafotokozedwe a 802.3, Gigabit optical port imangothandiza mlingo wa 1000M, ndipo imathandizira mitundu iwiri ya duplex (Full) ndi theka-duplex (Half).
Kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa zokambirana zokha ndi kukakamiza ndikuti mitsinje yamakhodi yomwe imatumizidwa pamene awiriwa akhazikitsa ulalo wakuthupi ndi wosiyana. Njira yolankhulirana yokha imatumiza / C / code, yomwe ndi njira ya Configuration code, pomwe njira yokakamiza imatumiza / I / code, yomwe ndi mtsinje wopanda pake.
Gigabit Optical port auto-negotiation process
Choyamba, malekezero onse awiri amayikidwa kuti azikambilana zokha
Maphwando awiriwa amatumiza / C / code mitsinje kwa wina ndi mzake. Ngati 3 motsatizana / C / ma code alandilidwa ndipo mitsinje yolandilidwa ikugwirizana ndi momwe amagwirira ntchito, amabwerera ku gulu lina ndi / C / code ndi yankho la Ack. Atalandira uthenga wa Ack, mnzakeyo amaona kuti awiriwa amatha kulankhulana wina ndi mzake ndikuyika doko ku boma la UP.
Chachiwiri, Khazikitsani malekezero amodzi pazokambirana zokha komanso mbali imodzi kukhala yovomerezeka
Mapeto odzikambirana okha amatumiza / C / mtsinje, ndipo mapeto okakamiza amatumiza / I / mtsinje. Mapeto okakamiza sangathe kupereka mapeto a m'deralo ndi chidziwitso cha zokambirana za mapeto a m'deralo, komanso sangathe kubweza yankho la Ack kumapeto kwakutali, kotero kuti mapeto odzikambirana okha ndi PASI. Komabe, mapeto okakamiza okha amatha kuzindikira / C / code, ndipo amawona kuti mapeto a anzawo ndi doko lomwe likugwirizana nalo lokha, kotero kuti doko lakumapeto lakumapeto limayikidwa mwachindunji ku boma la UP.
Chachitatu, malekezero onse awiri amaikidwa kuti azikakamiza mode
Onse awiri amatumiza / I / mtsinje kwa wina ndi mzake. Pambuyo polandira / I / mtsinje, mapeto amodzi amawona kuti mnzakeyo ndi doko lomwe limadzifananiza lokha, ndikuyika mwachindunji doko lapafupi ku boma la UP.
Kodi fiber imagwira ntchito bwanji?
Ulusi wowoneka bwino wolumikizirana umakhala ndi ulusi wamagalasi ngati tsitsi wokutidwa ndi wosanjikiza wa pulasitiki woteteza. Ulusi wagalasi umapangidwa ndi magawo awiri: mainchesi apakati a 9 mpaka 62.5 μm, ndi magalasi otsika otsika omwe ali ndi mainchesi 125 μm. Ngakhale pali mitundu ina ya ulusi wa kuwala molingana ndi zida zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito komanso makulidwe osiyanasiyana, zodziwika bwino zimatchulidwa pano. Kuwala kumafalikira pakatikati pa chingwe cha ulusi mu "chithunzi chonse chamkati", ndiye kuti, kuwala kukalowa kumapeto kwa ulusi, kumawonekera mmbuyo ndi mtsogolo pakati pa core ndi cladding interfaces, ndiyeno kufalikira ku mbali zina za ulusi. Chingwe chowoneka bwino chokhala ndi mainchesi apakati a 62.5 μm ndi kutsekeka kwakunja kwa 125 μm kumatchedwa kuwala kwa 62.5 / 125 μm.
Kodi pali kusiyana kotani pakati pa multimode ndi single mode fiber?
Multimode:
Ulusi womwe umatha kufalitsa mazana mpaka masauzande amitundu amatchedwa ulusi wa multimode (MM). Malinga ndi ma radial kugawa kwa refractive index pachimake ndi cladding, akhoza kugawidwa mu sitepe multimode CHIKWANGWANI ndi graded multimode CHIKWANGWANI. Pafupifupi makulidwe onse a multimode fiber ndi 50/125 μm kapena 62.5 / 125 μm, ndi bandiwifi (kuchuluka kwa chidziwitso chofalitsidwa ndi ulusi) nthawi zambiri ndi 200 MHz mpaka 2 GHz. Multimode Optical transceivers amatha kutumiza mpaka 5 kilomita kudzera mu fiber multimode. Gwiritsani ntchito kuwala kotulutsa diode kapena laser ngati gwero lowunikira.
Njira imodzi:
Ulusi womwe ukhoza kufalitsa mtundu umodzi wokha umatchedwa ulusi wamtundu umodzi. Mbiri ya refractive index of standard single-mode (SM) fibers ndi yofanana ndi ya step-type fibers, kupatula kuti mainchesi apakati ndi ochepa kwambiri kuposa ma multimode fibers.
Kukula kwa fiber single-mode ndi 9-10 / 125 μm, ndipo ili ndi mawonekedwe a bandwidth yopanda malire komanso kutayika kochepa kuposa ulusi wamitundu yambiri. Ma transceivers opanga mawonekedwe amodzi amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri potumiza mtunda wautali, nthawi zina amafika 150 mpaka 200 kilomita. Gwiritsani ntchito LD kapena LED yokhala ndi mizere yopapatiza ngati gwero lowala.
Kusiyana ndi kulumikizana:
Zida zamtundu umodzi zimatha kuyenda pamtundu umodzi kapena ulusi wamitundu yambiri, pomwe zida zamitundu yambiri zimatha kugwira ntchito pamitundu yambiri.
Kodi kutayika kotumizako kumatayika bwanji mukamagwiritsa ntchito zingwe zowunikira?
Izi zimatengera kutalika kwa kuwala komwe kumachokera komanso mtundu wa fiber yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito.
Kutalika kwa 850nm kwa fiber multimode: 3.0 dB / km
Kutalika kwa 1310nm kwa fiber multimode: 1.0 dB / km
Kutalika kwa 1310nm kwa ulusi wamtundu umodzi: 0.4 dB / km
Kutalika kwa 1550nm kwa ulusi wamtundu umodzi: 0.2 dB / km
Kodi GBIC ndi chiyani?
GBIC ndiye chidule cha Giga Bitrate Interface Converter, chomwe ndi chida cholumikizira chomwe chimasintha ma siginecha amagetsi a gigabit kukhala ma siginecha owoneka. GBIC idapangidwa kuti izikhala ndi pulagi yotentha. GBIC ndi chinthu chosinthika chomwe chimagwirizana ndi miyezo yapadziko lonse lapansi. Gigabitmasiwichiopangidwa ndi mawonekedwe a GBIC amakhala ndi gawo lalikulu pamsika chifukwa chakusinthana kwawo.
Kodi SFP ndi chiyani?
SFP ndiye chidule cha SMALL FORM PLUGGABLE, yomwe imatha kumveka ngati mtundu wokwezedwa wa GBIC. Kukula kwa gawo la SFP kumachepetsedwa ndi theka poyerekeza ndi gawo la GBIC, ndipo chiwerengero cha madoko chikhoza kuwirikiza kawiri pa gulu lomwelo. Ntchito zina za gawo la SFP ndizofanana ndi za GBIC. Enakusinthaopanga amatcha gawo la SFP mini-GBIC (MINI-GBIC).
Ma module amtsogolo amtsogolo ayenera kuthandizira plugging yotentha, ndiye kuti, gawoli limatha kulumikizidwa kapena kulumikizidwa ku chipangizocho popanda kudula magetsi. Chifukwa module ya kuwala ndi yotentha, oyang'anira maukonde amatha kukweza ndikukulitsa dongosolo popanda kutseka maukonde. Wogwiritsa sapanga kusiyana kulikonse. Hot swappability imathandizanso kukonza zonse ndikupangitsa ogwiritsa ntchito kutha kuyendetsa bwino ma module awo a transceiver. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, chifukwa cha ntchito yosinthana yotentha, gawoli limathandizira oyang'anira maukonde kupanga mapulani onse a mtengo wa transceiver, mtunda wolumikizana, ndi ma topology onse a netiweki potengera zofunikira pakukweza maukonde, popanda kusinthiratu matabwa adongosolo.
Ma module a kuwala omwe amathandizira kusinthana kotenthaku akupezeka mu GBIC ndi SFP. Chifukwa SFP ndi SFF ndizofanana kukula kwake, zimatha kulumikizidwa mwachindunji mu bolodi la dera, kusunga malo ndi nthawi pa phukusi, ndikukhala ndi mapulogalamu osiyanasiyana. Chifukwa chake, chitukuko chake chamtsogolo ndichofunika kuyang'ana, ndipo chikhoza kuwopseza msika wa SFF.
SFF (Small Form Factor) gawo laling'ono la mawonekedwe a phukusi limagwiritsa ntchito makina otsogola otsogola komanso ukadaulo wophatikizira dera, kukula kwake ndi theka la magawo wamba a duplex SC (1X9) fiber optic transceiver module, yomwe imatha kuwirikiza kawiri kuchuluka kwa madoko owoneka m'malo omwewo. Wonjezerani kachulukidwe ka doko ndikuchepetsa mtengo wamakina padoko lililonse. Ndipo chifukwa gawo laling'ono la phukusi la SFF limagwiritsa ntchito mawonekedwe a KT-RJ ofanana ndi netiweki yamkuwa, kukula kwake ndi kofanana ndi mawonekedwe apakompyuta apakompyuta amkuwa, omwe amathandizira kusintha kwa zida zomwe zilipo zamkuwa kupita ku fiber yothamanga kwambiri. optic network. Kukwaniritsa kuchuluka kwakukulu kwa zofunikira za bandwidth network.
Mtundu wa mawonekedwe a chipangizo cholumikizira netiweki
Chithunzi cha BNC
Mawonekedwe a BNC amatanthauza mawonekedwe a chingwe cha coaxial. Mawonekedwe a BNC amagwiritsidwa ntchito polumikizira chingwe cha 75 ohm coaxial. Amapereka njira ziwiri zolandirira (RX) ndi kutumiza (TX). Amagwiritsidwa ntchito polumikizana ndi ma siginecha osagwirizana.
Fiber mawonekedwe
Fiber interface ndi mawonekedwe akuthupi omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kulumikiza zingwe za fiber optic. Nthawi zambiri pali mitundu ingapo monga SC, ST, LC, FC. Pakulumikiza kwa 10Base-F, cholumikizira nthawi zambiri chimakhala mtundu wa ST, ndipo mbali ina ya FC imalumikizidwa ndi gulu la fiber optic patch. FC ndiye chidule cha FerruleConnector. Njira yolimbikitsira kunja ndi manja achitsulo ndipo njira yomangirira ndi batani la screw. ST mawonekedwe nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito pa 10Base-F, SC mawonekedwe nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito pa 100Base-FX ndi GBIC, LC nthawi zambiri imagwiritsidwa ntchito pa SFP.
RJ-45 mawonekedwe
Mawonekedwe a RJ-45 ndi mawonekedwe omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pa Ethernet. RJ-45 ndi dzina lomwe limagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri, lomwe limatanthawuza kukhazikitsidwa kwa IEC (60) 603-7, pogwiritsa ntchito malo 8 (mapini 8) otanthauzidwa ndi muyezo wapadziko lonse lapansi. Modular jack kapena pulagi.
RS-232 mawonekedwe
Mawonekedwe a RS-232-C (omwe amadziwikanso kuti EIA RS-232-C) ndi njira yolumikizirana yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri. Ndi mulingo wolumikizirana wina ndi mnzake wopangidwa ndi American Electronics Industry Association (EIA) mu 1970 molumikizana ndi makina a Bell, opanga ma modemu, ndi opanga makompyuta. Dzina lake lonse ndi "serial binary data exchange interface technology standard between data terminal equipment (DTE) and data communication equipment (DCE)". Muyezo umanena kuti cholumikizira cha 25-pin DB25 chimagwiritsidwa ntchito pofotokoza zomwe zili pa pini iliyonse ya cholumikizira, komanso kuchuluka kwa ma siginali osiyanasiyana.
RJ-11 mawonekedwe
Mawonekedwe a RJ-11 ndi omwe nthawi zambiri timatcha mawonekedwe amafoni. RJ-11 ndi dzina lodziwika bwino la cholumikizira chopangidwa ndi Western Electric. Ndondomeko yake imatanthauzidwa ngati chipangizo cholumikizira mapini 6. Poyamba amatchedwa WExW, pomwe x amatanthauza "yogwira", kukhudzana kapena singano yolumikizira. Mwachitsanzo, WE6W ili ndi ma contacts onse 6, owerengeka 1 mpaka 6, mawonekedwe a WE4W amagwiritsa ntchito ma pin 4 okha, zolumikizira ziwiri zakunja (1 ndi 6) sizikugwiritsidwa ntchito, WE2W amagwiritsa ntchito ma pin awiri apakati (ndiko kuti, mawonekedwe a foni) .
CWDM ndi DWDM
Ndi kukula kwachangu kwa ntchito za data za IP pa intaneti, kufunikira kwa bandwidth yotumizira kwakula. Ngakhale teknoloji ya DWDM (Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing) ndiyo njira yabwino kwambiri yothetsera vuto la kukula kwa mzere wa bandwidth, teknoloji ya CWDM (Coarse Wavelength Division Multiplexing) ili ndi ubwino pa DWDM potengera mtengo wa dongosolo ndi kusunga.
Onse CWDM ndi DWDM ndi a wavelength division multiplexing teknoloji, ndipo amatha kugwirizanitsa mafunde osiyanasiyana a kuwala mu chingwe chimodzi chapakati ndikutumiza pamodzi.
Muyezo waposachedwa wa CWDM wa ITU ndi G.695, womwe umatchulira mayendedwe a 18 wavelength okhala ndi interval ya 20nm kuchokera ku 1271nm mpaka 1611nm. Poganizira za nsonga yamadzi ya ulusi wamba wa G.652, njira 16 zimagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zambiri. Chifukwa chakutalikirana kwa ma tchanelo, zida zochulukitsira ndi demultiplexing ndi ma laser ndizotsika mtengo kuposa zida za DWDM.
Nthawi ya njira ya DWDM ili ndi nthawi zosiyanasiyana monga 0.4nm, 0.8nm, 1.6nm, ndi zina zotero. Nthawiyi ndi yaying'ono ndipo zipangizo zowonjezera zowongolera mafunde zimafunika. Choncho, zipangizo zochokera ku teknoloji ya DWDM ndizokwera mtengo kwambiri kuposa zipangizo zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pa teknoloji ya CWDM.
Pin photodiode ndi wosanjikiza wa zinthu zamtundu wa N wopepuka pakati pa P-mtundu ndi N-mtundu wa semiconductor wokhala ndi kuchuluka kwa doping, komwe kumatchedwa wosanjikiza I (Intrinsic). Chifukwa ndi doped pang'ono, chigawo cha electron ndi chochepa kwambiri, ndipo wosanjikiza wochepa kwambiri umapangidwa pambuyo pa kufalikira, zomwe zingathe kupititsa patsogolo liwiro lake ndi kutembenuka mtima.
APD avalanche photodiodes samangokhala ndi kutembenuka kwa kuwala / magetsi komanso kukulitsa mkati. Kukulitsa kumakwaniritsidwa ndi kuchulukitsa kwa avalanche mkati mwa chubu. APD ndi photodiode yokhala ndi phindu. Pamene kukhudzika kwa wolandila kuwala kuli kwakukulu, APD ndiyothandiza kukulitsa mtunda wotumizira wa dongosolo.