Kuti mumvetsetse kulumikizana kwa data mu maukonde ndizovuta. M'nkhaniyi ndikuwonetsani momwe makompyuta awiri amalumikizirana, kusamutsa ndi kulandira zambiri ndi Tcp/IP protocol yachisanu.
Kodi Kulumikizana kwa Data ndi chiyani?
Mawu oti "kulumikizana kwa data" amagwiritsidwa ntchito kutanthauza kutumiza uthenga kuchokera kudera lina kupita ku lina pogwiritsa ntchito sing'anga monga kulumikizana ndi waya. Pamene zipangizo zonse zosinthira deta zili m'nyumba imodzi kapena pafupi, timati kusamutsa deta ndi komweko.
M'nkhaniyi, "gwero" ndi "wolandira" ali ndi matanthauzo olunjika. Gwero likunena za zida zotumizira deta, pomwe wolandila amatanthauza chipangizo cholandirira deta. Cholinga cha kuyankhulana kwa deta sikupanga chidziwitso pa gwero kapena kopita, koma m'malo mwake kutumiza deta ndi kukonza deta panthawiyi.
Njira zoyankhulirana ndi data nthawi zambiri zimagwiritsa ntchito mizere yotumizira deta kuti ilandire deta kuchokera kumadera akutali ndikutumiza zotsatira zomwe zakonzedwa kumadera akutali omwewo. Chithunzi chomwe chili pachithunzichi chimapereka chithunzithunzi chokwanira cha maukonde olumikizirana ma data. Njira zambiri zoyankhulirana ndi data zomwe zikugwiritsidwa ntchito pano zidapangidwa pang'onopang'ono, mwina monga kuwongolera njira zoyankhulirana zomwe zidalipo kale kapena m'malo mwake. Ndiyeno pali lexical minefield kuti ndi deta kulankhulana, zomwe zikuphatikizapo mawu monga baud mlingo, modemu, routers, LAN, WAN, TCP/IP, amene ISDN, ndipo ayenera kuyenda posankha njira kufala. Chifukwa chake, ndikofunikira kuyang'ana mmbuyo ndikupeza chogwirira pamalingaliro awa komanso kusinthika kwa njira zoyankhulirana za data.
TCP/IP Protocol yosanjikiza isanu:
Kuti tiwonetsetse kuti TCP/IP imagwira ntchito moyenera, tiyenera kupereka zidziwitso zochepa zomwe zimafunikira m'njira yomwe imadziwika padziko lonse lapansi pamanetiweki. Zomangamanga zamapulogalamu amitundu isanu zimapangitsa kuti izi zikhale zotheka.
TCP/IP imapeza zofunikira zomwe zimafunikira kuti titumize deta yathu pamanetiweki kuchokera pagawo lililonse. Ntchito zakonzedwa kukhala "magawo" apadera apa. Palibe gawo limodzi lachitsanzoli lomwe silithandiza mwachindunji gawo limodzi mwa magawo ambiri kuti ligwire bwino ntchito yake.
Magawo okhawo omwe ali moyandikana amatha kulumikizana. Mapulogalamu omwe akugwira ntchito m'magawo apamwamba amamasulidwa kuudindo wopanga ma code pazigawo zotsika. Kuti mukhazikitse kulumikizana ndi omwe ali kutali, mwachitsanzo, nambala yofunsira imangodziwa momwe mungapemphere pagawo la Transport. Itha kugwira ntchito osamvetsetsa chiwembu chachinsinsi cha data yomwe ikutumizidwa. Zili kwa Physical layer kuti athane nazo. Imayang'anira kusamutsa deta yaiwisi, yomwe imangokhala ma 0s ndi 1s, komanso kuwongolera pang'ono ndikutanthauzira kulumikizana, ukadaulo wopanda zingwe kapena chingwe chamagetsi chomwe chimalumikiza zida.
Protocol ya TCP/IP yokhala ndi magawo asanu imaphatikizapoGulu la Ntchito, Gulu Loyendetsa, Layer Network, Data Link Layer, ndi Physical Layer, Tiyeni tiphunzire za zigawo za TCP/IP izi.
1. Zosanjikiza:Zosanjikiza zakuthupi zimayendetsa ulalo weniweni wamawaya kapena opanda zingwe pakati pa zida za netiweki. Imatanthawuza cholumikizira, cholumikizira mawaya kapena opanda zingwe pakati pa zida, ndikutumiza data yaiwisi (0s ndi 1s) limodzi ndi kuwongolera kuchuluka kwa kusamutsa deta.
2. Gulu Lolumikizira Zambiri:Kulumikizana pakati pa ma node awiri olumikizidwa pa netiweki kumakhazikitsidwa ndikudulidwa pagawo la ulalo wa data. Imachita izi pogawa mapaketi a data kukhala mafelemu asanawatumize panjira. Media Access Control (MAC) imagwiritsa ntchito ma adilesi a MAC kuti alumikizane ndi zida ndikutchula ufulu wotumiza ndi kulandira deta, pomwe Logical Link Control (LLC) imazindikira ma protocol, imayang'ana zolakwika, ndikugwirizanitsa mafelemu.
3. Network Layer:Kulumikizana pakati pa maukonde ndiye msana wa intaneti. "Network layer" ya njira yolumikizirana pa intaneti ndipamene malumikizidwe awa amapangidwa posinthanitsa mapaketi a data pakati pa maukonde Gawo lachitatu la Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) Model ndi network layer. Ma protocol angapo, kuphatikiza Internet Protocol (IP), amagwiritsidwa ntchito pamlingo uwu pazifukwa monga kuwongolera, kuyesa, ndi kubisa.
4. Transport Layer:Kukhazikitsa kulumikizana pakati pa Host to host ndi udindo wa network layers. Pomwe udindo wosanjikiza mayendedwe ndikukhazikitsa doko kupita ku doko. Tidasamutsa bwino deta kuchokera ku Computer A kupita ku B kudzera mumgwirizano wa thupi, wosanjikiza ulalo wa data ndi netiweki. Pambuyo potumiza deta ku kompyuta A-to-B kodi kompyuta B ingadziwe bwanji kuti ndi pulogalamu yanji yomwe deta imasamutsidwa?
Chifukwa chake, ndikofunikira kugawira ntchito ku pulogalamu inayake kudzera padoko. Chifukwa chake, adilesi ya IP ndi nambala ya doko zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito kuzindikira mwapadera pulogalamu yomwe wolandirayo akuyendetsa.
5. Gulu la Ntchito:Osakatula ndi makasitomala a imelo ndi zitsanzo za pulogalamu yamakasitomala yomwe imagwira ntchito pazosankha. Ma protocol amapangidwa kuti athandizire kulumikizana pakati pa mapulogalamu ndikuwonetsa zidziwitso zothandiza kwa ogwiritsa ntchito omaliza. Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP), File Transfer Protocol (FTP), Post Office Protocol (POP), Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP), ndi Domain Name System (DNS) zonse ndi zitsanzo za ma protocol omwe amagwira ntchito pagawo la pulogalamu (DNS) .