Ubwino wa kulumikizana kwa fiber optic:
● Kulankhulana kwakukulu
● Mtunda wautali wotumizirana mauthenga
● Palibe chosokoneza chamagetsi
● Zinthu zambirimbiri
● Kulemera kochepa ndi kukula kochepa
Mbiri Yachidule ya Optical Communications
Zaka zoposa 2000 zapitazo, nyali zounikira, semaphores
1880, kuyankhulana kwa matelefoni opanda waya opanda waya
1970, fiber optic communications
● Mu 1966, "Bambo wa Optical Fiber", Dr. Gao Yong poyamba anapereka lingaliro la optical fiber communication.
● M’chaka cha 1970, Lin Yanxiong wa ku Bell Yan Institute anali makina opangira ma semiconductor omwe amatha kugwira ntchito mosalekeza pa kutentha kwa chipinda.
● Mu 1970, Corning's Kapron adataya 20dB / km fiber.
● Mu 1977, mzere woyamba wamalonda ku Chicago wa 45Mb / s.
Mphamvu yamagetsi yamagetsi
Kugawa kwa bandi ndi njira zotumizira mauthenga
Refraction / kunyezimira ndi kuwonetsera kwathunthu kwa kuwala
Chifukwa chakuti kuwala kumayenda mosiyanasiyana m’zinthu zosiyanasiyana, kuwala kukatuluka kuchokera ku chinthu china kupita ku chinthu china, kubwereza ndi kuwunikira kumachitika pa mgwirizano wa zinthu ziwirizi. Komanso, mbali ya kuwala komweko kumasiyanasiyana malinga ndi momwe kuwala kwachitikira. Pamene ngodya ya kuwala kwa chochitikacho ifika kapena kupitirira ngodya ina, kuwala kowonekera kudzazimiririka, ndipo kuwala konseko kudzawonekeranso. Uku ndiko kunyezimira kwathunthu kwa kuwala. Zida zosiyanasiyana zimakhala ndi ngodya zosiyana zowonetsera kuwala kofanana (ndiko kuti, zipangizo zosiyana zimakhala ndi zizindikiro zosiyana), ndipo zipangizo zomwezo zimakhala ndi ngodya zosiyana zowonetsera mafunde osiyanasiyana a kuwala. Kuyankhulana kwa fiber optic kumatengera mfundo zomwe zili pamwambazi.
Kugawa kwa reflectivity: Chizindikiro chofunikira chowonetsera zinthu zowoneka bwino ndi index ya refractive, yomwe imayimiridwa ndi N. Chiŵerengero cha liwiro la kuwala kwa C mu vacuum ndi liwiro la kuwala kwa V muzinthuzo ndi ndondomeko ya refractive ya zinthu.
N = C/V
Refractive index of quartz glass for optical fiber communication ndi pafupifupi 1.5.
Kapangidwe ka fiber
Fiber bare fiber nthawi zambiri imagawidwa m'magulu atatu:
Woyamba wosanjikiza: pakati mkulu refractive index galasi pachimake (pachimake awiri nthawi zambiri 9-10μm, (njira imodzi) 50 kapena 62.5 (multimode).
Chachiwiri wosanjikiza: chapakati ndi otsika refractive index silika galasi cladding (m'mimba mwake nthawi zambiri 125μm).
Chosanjikiza chachitatu: chakunja ndi zokutira utomoni kulimbikitsa.
1) pachimake: mkulu refractive index, ntchito kufalitsa kuwala;
2) Chophimba chotchinga: cholozera chochepa cha refractive, kupanga chiwonetsero chonse ndi pachimake;
3) Jacket yodzitchinjiriza: Ili ndi mphamvu yayikulu ndipo imatha kupirira zovuta zazikulu kuti iteteze kuwala kwa kuwala.
3mm kuwala chingwe: lalanje, MM, Mipikisano mumalowedwe; yellow, SM, single-mode
Kukula kwa fiber
The awiri akunja zambiri 125um (avareji 100um pa tsitsi)
M'mimba mwake: single mode 9um; multimode 50 / 62.5um
Kubowola manambala
Sikuti kuwala konse komwe kumawonekera kumapeto kwa ulusi wa kuwala kumatha kufalitsidwa ndi ulusi wa kuwala, koma kuwala kokha mkati mwa ngodya zina. Ngodya imeneyi imatchedwa kabowo ka manambala a ulusi. Kubowola kokulirapo kwa manambala kwa ulusi wa kuwala ndi kopindulitsa pakumangirira kwa ulusi wa kuwala. Opanga osiyanasiyana ali ndi malo olowera manambala osiyanasiyana.
Mtundu wa fiber
Malinga ndi njira yotumizira kuwala mu fiber optical, imatha kugawidwa m'magulu otsatirawa:
Multi-Mode (chidule: MM); Njira Imodzi (chidule: SM)
Multimode CHIKWANGWANI: Pakatikati galasi pachimake ndi thicker (50 kapena 62.5μm) ndipo imatha kutumiza kuwala m'njira zingapo. Komabe, kubalalitsidwa kwake kwapakati pamitundu kumakhala kwakukulu, komwe kumachepetsa kuchuluka kwa ma siginecha a digito, ndipo kumakhala kokulirapo pakuwonjezeka kwa mtunda.Mwachitsanzo: 600MB / KM fiber imakhala ndi 300MB bandwidth pa 2KM. Choncho, kufala kwa mtunda wa fiber multimode ndi waufupi, kawirikawiri makilomita ochepa chabe.
Ulusi wamtundu umodzi: Pakatikati pagalasi pachimake ndi chocheperako (pakati m'mimba mwake nthawi zambiri ndi 9 kapena 10).μm), ndipo imatha kutumiza kuwala munjira imodzi. M'malo mwake, ndi mtundu wamtundu wamtundu wa fiber optical, koma mainchesi ake ndi ochepa kwambiri. Mwachidziwitso, kuwala kokha kwa njira imodzi yofalitsa kumaloledwa kulowa mu fiber ndikufalitsa molunjika mu fiber core. Kuthamanga kwa fiber sikumatambasulidwa movutikira.Chifukwa chake, kubalalitsidwa kwake kwapakati-mode kumakhala kochepa komanso koyenera kulumikizana kwakutali, koma kubalalitsidwa kwake kwa chromatic kumagwira ntchito yayikulu. Mwanjira iyi, ulusi wamtundu umodzi uli ndi zofunikira zapamwamba pakukula kwa mawonekedwe ndi kukhazikika kwa gwero la kuwala, ndiko kuti, mawonekedwe owoneka bwino ndi opapatiza komanso kukhazikika kwabwino. .
Gulu la optical fibers
Ndi zinthu:
Ulusi wagalasi: Pakatikati ndi zophimba zimapangidwa ndi galasi, zotayika pang'ono, mtunda wautali wotumizira komanso mtengo wokwera;
mphira yokutidwa ndi silicon kuwala CHIKWANGWANI: pachimake ndi galasi ndi zotchingira ndi pulasitiki, amene ali ndi makhalidwe ofanana ndi galasi CHIKWANGWANI ndi mtengo wotsika;
Pulasitiki kuwala CHIKWANGWANI: Pakatikati ndi zokutira ndi pulasitiki, ndi kutayika kwakukulu, mtunda waufupi wotumizira, komanso mtengo wotsika. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pazida zam'nyumba, zomvera, komanso kutumiza zithunzi zakutali.
Malinga ndi zenera labwino kwambiri lopatsira pafupipafupi: ulusi wamtundu umodzi wokhazikika komanso ulusi wamtundu umodzi wokhazikika.
Mtundu wamba: Nyumba yopanga CHIKWANGWANI imathandizira ma frequency optical fiber transmission pafupipafupi pautali umodzi wa kuwala, monga 1300nm.
Mtundu wosinthika wobalalika: Wopanga ma fiber optics amawongolera ma frequency a fiber pamayendedwe awiri a kuwala, monga: 1300nm ndi 1550nm.
Kusintha kwadzidzidzi: Mndandanda wa refractive wa fiber core kupita ku galasi lagalasi ndi wadzidzidzi. Ili ndi mtengo wotsika komanso kufalikira kwamitundu yambiri. Oyenera kuyankhulana kwafupipafupi, monga kulamulira mafakitale. Komabe, ulusi wamtundu umodzi umagwiritsa ntchito mtundu wosinthika chifukwa cha kubalalitsidwa kwakung'ono kwapakati.
gradient CHIKWANGWANI: refractive index wa CHIKWANGWANI pachimake kwa galasi cladding pang'onopang'ono kuchepetsedwa, kulola mkulu-mode kuwala kufalikira mu sinusoidal mawonekedwe, amene angathe kuchepetsa kubalalitsidwa pakati modes, kuwonjezera CHIKWANGWANI bandiwifi, ndi kuonjezera kufala mtunda, koma mtengo ndi. apamwamba Mode CHIKWANGWANI nthawi zambiri graded CHIKWANGWANI.
Zodziwika bwino za fiber
Kukula kwa fiber:
1) Single mode pachimake awiri: 9/125μm, 10/125μm
2) M'mimba mwake (2D) = 125μm
3) Kutchingira kunja kwake = 250μm
4) Nkhumba: 300μm
5) Multimode: 50/125μm, European muyezo; 62.5 / 125μm, American standard
6) Ma network, azachipatala komanso otsika kwambiri: 100/140μm, 200/230μm
7) Pulasitiki: 98/1000μm, yogwiritsidwa ntchito poyang'anira magalimoto
Kuchepetsa kwa fiber
Zomwe zimayambitsa kuchepa kwa ulusi ndi: mkati, kupindika, kufinya, zonyansa, kusalingana ndi matako.
Intrinsic: Ndiko kutayika kwachilengedwe kwa ulusi wa kuwala, kuphatikiza: Rayleigh kubalalitsidwa, kuyamwa kwamkati, ndi zina.
Pindani: Ulusiwo ukapindika, kuwala kwa mbali ya ulusiwo kumatayika chifukwa cha kumwazikana, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zisawonongeke.
Kufinya: Kutayika kochitika chifukwa chopindika pang'ono ulusi akamafinyidwa.
Zonyansa: Zonyansa za mu fiber optical zimayamwa ndikumwaza kuwala komwe kumafalikira mu ulusi, kuwononga.
Zopanda yunifolomu: Kutayika komwe kumachitika chifukwa cha index yosagwirizana ya fiber material.
Kuyika: Kutayika komwe kumachitika panthawi yokhomerera ulusi, monga: nkhwangwa zosiyanasiyana (zofunikira za fiber coaxiality zamtundu umodzi ndizochepera 0,8).μm), nkhope yomaliza siimayenderana ndi axis, nkhope yomaliza ndi yosagwirizana, chigawo chapakati cha matako sichikugwirizana, ndipo mawonekedwe ophatikizika ndi osauka.
Mtundu wa chingwe cha kuwala
1) Malinga ndi anagona njira: kudziona kuthandiza pamwamba kuwala zingwe, payipi kuwala zingwe, oti muli nazo zida m'manda zingwe kuwala ndi m'madzi zingwe kuwala.
2) Malinga ndi kapangidwe ka chingwe chowunikira, pali: chingwe chophatikizika chachubu, chingwe chopindika chopindika, chingwe cholimba, chingwe chowoneka bwino, chingwe chopanda chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri ndi chingwe chowoneka bwino.
3) Malinga ndi cholinga: zingwe zowunikira zolumikizirana mtunda wautali, zingwe zakunja zakutali, zingwe zosakanizidwa, ndi zingwe zowonera nyumba.
Kulumikizana ndi kutha kwa zingwe za kuwala
Kulumikizana ndi kutha kwa zingwe za kuwala ndi luso lofunikira lomwe ogwira ntchito yokonza chingwe ayenera kudziwa.
Gulu laukadaulo wolumikizana ndi fiber fiber:
1) Ukadaulo wolumikizira wa CHIKWANGWANI cha kuwala ndi ukadaulo wolumikizana ndi chingwe cha kuwala ndi magawo awiri.
2) Mapeto a chingwe cha kuwala ndi ofanana ndi kugwirizana kwa chingwe cha kuwala, kupatula kuti ntchitoyo iyenera kukhala yosiyana chifukwa cha zipangizo zosiyanasiyana zolumikizira.
Mtundu wa kugwirizana kwa fiber
Kulumikizana kwa chingwe cha fiber optic nthawi zambiri kumatha kugawidwa m'magulu awiri:
1) Kulumikizana kosasunthika kwa fiber optical (yomwe imadziwika kuti cholumikizira chakufa). Nthawi zambiri ntchito kuwala CHIKWANGWANI maphatikizidwe splicer; amagwiritsidwa ntchito pamutu wolunjika wa chingwe cha kuwala.
2) Cholumikizira chogwira ntchito cha fiber optical (chomwe chimadziwika kuti cholumikizira chamoyo). Gwiritsani ntchito zolumikizira zochotseka (zomwe zimadziwika kuti loose joints). Kwa fiber jumper, kulumikizana kwa zida, ndi zina.
Chifukwa cha kusakwanira kwa nkhope yomaliza ya ulusi wa kuwala komanso kusagwirizana kwa kupanikizika kumapeto kwa mawonekedwe a kuwala, kutayika kwa splice kwa fiber optical ndi kutulutsa kumodzi kumakhalabe kwakukulu, ndipo njira yachiwiri yotulutsira madzi. ikugwiritsidwa ntchito. Choyamba, tenthetsani ndi kutulutsa mapeto a ulusi, sungani nkhope yomaliza, chotsani fumbi ndi zinyalala, ndipo pangani kukakamiza kotsiriza kwa yunifolomu ya fiber poyambitsa.
Njira yowunikira pakuwonongeka kwa kulumikizana kwa fiber
Pali njira zitatu zowunikira kutayika kwa fiber:
1. Yang'anirani pa splicer.
2. Kuyang'anira gwero la kuwala ndi mita yamagetsi yamagetsi.
3.OTDR njira yoyezera
Njira yogwiritsira ntchito optical fiber connection
Optical fiber Connection ntchito nthawi zambiri imagawidwa mu:
1. Kusamalira nkhope za ulusi.
2. Kulumikizana unsembe wa kuwala CHIKWANGWANI.
3. Kuphatikizika kwa ulusi wa kuwala.
4. Chitetezo cha optical fiber connectors.
5. Pali masitepe asanu a thireyi ya fiber yotsala.
Nthawi zambiri, kulumikizidwa kwa chingwe chonse cha Optical kumachitika motengera izi:
Khwerero 1: kutalika kwabwino kwambiri, tsegulani ndikuvula chingwe chowunikira, chotsani chingwe
Gawo 2: Yeretsani ndikuchotsa phala lodzaza mafuta mu chingwe chowunikira.
Khwerero 3: Phatikizani fiber.
Khwerero 4: Yang'anani kuchuluka kwa ma fiber cores, phatikizani ulusi, ndikuwona ngati zilembo zamtundu wa ulusi ndizolondola.
Khwerero 5: Limbitsani kugwirizana kwa mtima;
Khwerero 6: Mawiri awiri a mizere othandizira osiyanasiyana, kuphatikiza mabizinesi, mizere yowongolera, mizere yotchingidwa, ndi zina zotero (ngati mizere yomwe tatchulayi ilipo.
Khwerero 7: Lumikizani fiber.
Khwerero 8: Tetezani cholumikizira cha fiber;
Khwerero 9: kusungirako zosungirako zotsalira za fiber;
Khwerero 10: Malizitsani kugwirizana kwa jekete ya kuwala kwa chingwe;
Khwerero 11: Chitetezo cha zolumikizira za fiber optic
Kutayika kwa fiber
1310 nm: 0.35 ~ 0.5 dB / Km
1550 nm: 0.2 ~ 0.3dB / Km
850 nm: 2.3 mpaka 3.4 dB / Km
Kutayika kwa fiber fusion point: 0.08dB / mfundo
Fiber splicing point 1 point / 2km
Mayina amtundu wa fiber
1) Kuchepetsa
Attenuation: kutaya mphamvu pamene kuwala kumafalitsidwa mu fiber fiber, single-mode fiber 1310nm 0.4 ~ 0.6dB / km, 1550nm 0.2 ~ 0.3dB / km; pulasitiki multimode CHIKWANGWANI 300dB / km
2) Kubalalitsidwa
Kubalalika: Kuthamanga kwa ma pulses opepuka kumawonjezeka mutayenda mtunda wina motsatira ulusi. Ndilo chinthu chachikulu chomwe chimalepheretsa kuchuluka kwa kufalikira.
Kubalalika kwa ma inter-mode: Kumachitika mu ulusi wa multimode, chifukwa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya kuwala imayenda m'njira zosiyanasiyana.
Kubalalika kwa zinthu: Mafunde osiyanasiyana akuyenda kwa kuwala pa liwiro losiyana.
Kubalalika kwa Waveguide: Izi zimachitika chifukwa mphamvu yowunikira imayenda pa liwiro losiyana pang'ono pamene imayenda pakatikati ndi pakatikati. Mu fiber ya single-mode, ndikofunikira kwambiri kusintha kufalikira kwa ulusi posintha mawonekedwe amkati a ulusi.
Mtundu wa Fiber
G.652 zero dispersion point ndi kuzungulira 1300nm
G.653 zero dispersion point ndi kuzungulira 1550nm
G.654 negative dispersion fiber
G.655 dispersion-stifted fiber
Full wave fiber
3) kusamba
Chifukwa cha mawonekedwe opanda ungwiro a kuwala, kutayika kwa mphamvu ya kuwala kumayambitsa, ndipo kufalikira kwa kuwala panthawiyi sikukhalanso ndi kayendetsedwe kabwino.
Chidziwitso choyambirira cha fiber optic system
Chidziwitso cha zomangamanga ndi ntchito za fiber optic system:
1. Kutumiza unit: amatembenuza zizindikiro zamagetsi kukhala zizindikiro za kuwala;
2. Chigawo chotumizira: sing'anga yonyamula zizindikiro za kuwala;
3. Chigawo cholandira: chimalandira zizindikiro za kuwala ndikuzitembenuza kukhala zizindikiro zamagetsi;
4. Lumikizani chipangizochi: gwirizanitsani kuwala kwa kuwala kwa kuwala, kuwala kwa kuwala ndi zina zowunikira.
Mitundu yolumikizira wamba
Mtundu wa nkhope ya cholumikizira
Coupler
Ntchito yaikulu ndikugawa zizindikiro za kuwala. Mapulogalamu ofunikira ali mu ma optical fiber network, makamaka mumanetiweki amderali komanso pazida zogawanitsa ma wavelength division multiplexing.
dongosolo lofunikira
The coupler ndi bidirectional passiv chipangizo. Maonekedwe ofunikira ndi mtengo ndi nyenyezi. The coupler amafanana ndi splitter.
Mtengo WDM
Mtengo WDM-Wavelength Division Multiplexer imatumiza ma siginecha angapo mu fiber imodzi. Zizindikiro za kuwalazi zimakhala ndi maulendo osiyanasiyana komanso mitundu yosiyanasiyana. WDM multiplexer ndikuphatikiza ma siginecha angapo owoneka mumtundu womwewo; The demultiplexing multiplexer ndiko kusiyanitsa ma siginali angapo a kuwala kuchokera ku chingwe chimodzi cha kuwala.
Wavelength Division Multiplexer (Nthano)
Tanthauzo la ma pulses mu machitidwe a digito:
1. Amplitude: Kutalika kwa pulse kumayimira mphamvu ya kuwala mu fiber optic system.
2. Nthawi yokwera: nthawi yofunikira kuti phokoso lichoke ku 10% mpaka 90% ya matalikidwe apamwamba.
3. Nthawi yakugwa: nthawi yofunikira kuti phokoso ligwe kuchokera ku 90% mpaka 10% ya matalikidwe.
4. Kugunda m'lifupi: M'lifupi kugunda pa 50% matalikidwe malo, anasonyeza mu nthawi.
5. Kuzungulira: nthawi yeniyeni ya kugunda ndi nthawi yogwira ntchito yofunikira kuti amalize kuzungulira.
6. Chiŵerengero cha kutha: Chiyerekezo cha 1 chizindikiro cha mphamvu ya kuwala kwa 0 chizindikiro cha mphamvu.
Tanthauzo la mayunitsi wamba mu optical fiber communication:
1.dB = 10 log10 (Pout / Pin)
Pout: mphamvu yotulutsa; Pin: mphamvu yolowetsa
2. dBm = 10 log10 (P / 1mw), yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri mu engineering engineering; nthawi zambiri imayimira mphamvu ya kuwala ndi 1 milliwatt monga momwe amafotokozera;
chitsanzo:-10dBm zikutanthauza kuti mphamvu ya kuwala ndi yofanana ndi 100uw.
3.dBu = 10 log10 (P / 1uw)