Pamene bolodi ladera likugulitsidwa, nthawi zambiri siliyenera kupereka mphamvu mwachindunji ku komiti yoyang'anira dera poyang'ana ngati gululo lingagwire ntchito bwino. M'malo mwake, tsatirani zotsatirazi kuti muwonetsetse kuti palibe vuto mu sitepe iliyonse ndiyeno kuyatsa sikuchedwa.
Ngati kugwirizana kuli kolondola
Ndikofunikira kwambiri kuyang'ana chithunzi chojambula. Cheke choyamba chimayang'ana ngati magetsi a chip ndi ma netiweki alembedwa molondola. Pa nthawi yomweyo, tcherani khutu ngati mfundo maukonde alipo. Mfundo ina yofunika ndiyo kuyika kwapachiyambi, mtundu wa phukusi, ndi ndondomeko ya pini ya phukusi (kumbukirani: phukusi silingagwiritse ntchito mawonekedwe apamwamba, makamaka kwa mapepala opanda pini). Onetsetsani kuti mawayawo ndi olondola, kuphatikiza mawaya olakwika, mawaya ochepa, ndi mawaya ambiri.
Nthawi zambiri pamakhala njira ziwiri zowonera mzerewu:
1. Yang'anani mabwalo omwe adayikidwa molingana ndi chithunzi cha dera, ndipo yang'anani mabwalo omwe adayikidwa limodzi ndi limodzi malinga ndi mawaya ozungulira.
2. Malingana ndi dera lenileni ndi chithunzi cha schematic, yang'anani mzere ndi chigawocho monga pakati. Yang'anani mawaya a pini iliyonse kamodzi ndikuwona ngati malo aliwonse alipo pazithunzi zozungulira. Pofuna kupewa zolakwika, mawaya omwe adawunikiridwa nthawi zambiri amayenera kulembedwa pazithunzi zozungulira. Ndi bwino kugwiritsa ntchito pointer multimeter ohm block buzzer test kuti muyese mwachindunji zikhomo za chigawocho, kuti mawaya oyipa apezeke nthawi imodzi.
Kaya magetsi amafupikitsidwa
Osayatsa musanayambe kukonza, gwiritsani ntchito multimeter kuyeza kusokoneza kwa magetsi. Ichi ndi sitepe yofunika! Ngati magetsi ndi ofupikitsidwa, amapangitsa kuti magetsi azitentha kapena zotsatirapo zoyipa kwambiri. Zikafika pagawo lamagetsi, 0 ohm resistor ingagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati njira yosinthira. Osagulitsa resistor musanayambe kuyatsa. Onetsetsani kuti voteji ya magetsi ndi yachilendo musanayambe kugulitsa resistor ku PCB kuti muyambe kuyendetsa unit kumbuyo, kuti musapangitse chip cha unit kumbuyo kuti chiwotchedwe chifukwa voteji yamagetsi ndi yachilendo. Onjezani mabwalo achitetezo pamapangidwe ozungulira, monga kugwiritsa ntchito ma fuse obwezeretsa ndi zinthu zina.
Kuyika chigawo
Yang'anani makamaka ngati zigawo za polar, monga ma diode otulutsa kuwala, ma electrolytic capacitors, rectifier diode, ndi zina zambiri, ndi mapini a triode akugwirizana. Kwa triode, ndondomeko ya pini ya opanga osiyanasiyana omwe ali ndi ntchito yofanana ndi yosiyana, ndi bwino kuyesa ndi multimeter.
Kuyesa kotsegula ndi kwakanthawi koyamba kuti muwonetsetse kuti sipadzakhala dera lalifupi mukatha kuyatsa. Ngati mfundo zoyeserera zakhazikitsidwa, mutha kuchita zambiri ndi zochepa. Kugwiritsa ntchito 0 ohm resistors nthawi zina kumakhala kopindulitsa pakuyesa kothamanga kwambiri. Kuyesa kwamphamvu kumatha kuyambika pambuyo poti mayeso a hardware omwe ali pamwambawa asanayambe kuyatsa.
Kuzindikira kwamphamvu
1. Yatsani kuwona:
Musathamangire kuyeza zizindikiro zamagetsi mutatha kuyatsa, koma muwone ngati pali zochitika zachilendo m'derali, monga ngati pali utsi, fungo losazolowereka, kukhudza phukusi lakunja la dera lophatikizika, ngati kuli kotentha, ndi zina zotero. pali chodabwitsa chachilendo, zimitsani mphamvu nthawi yomweyo, ndiyeno yambitsani mukatha kuthetsa mavuto.
2. Kusintha kokhazikika:
Kuwongolera mosasunthika kumatanthawuza kuyesa kwa DC komwe kumachitika popanda chizindikiro cholowera kapena chizindikiro chokhazikika. Multimeter ingagwiritsidwe ntchito kuyeza kuthekera kwa mfundo iliyonse mu dera. Poyerekeza ndi kuyerekezera kwamalingaliro, mfundo yozungulira Kusanthula ndikuwunika ngati mawonekedwe a DC a dera ndi abwinobwino, ndikupeza m'kupita kwanthawi kuti zigawo zomwe zili muderali zawonongeka kapena zikugwira ntchito yovuta. Posintha chipangizocho kapena kusintha magawo ozungulira, mawonekedwe a DC ogwirira ntchito amakumana ndi zofunikira pakupanga.
3. Kusintha kwamphamvu:
Dynamic debugging ikuchitika pamaziko a static debugging. Zizindikiro zoyenerera zimawonjezeredwa kumapeto kwa gawolo, ndipo zizindikiro zotuluka pa mfundo iliyonse yoyesera zimadziwika motsatizana malinga ndi kayendedwe ka zizindikiro. Ngati zochitika zachilendo zapezeka, zifukwa ziyenera kufufuzidwa ndipo zolakwikazo ziyenera kuchotsedwa. , Kenako sinthani mpaka itakwaniritsa zofunikira.
Pamayeso, simungamve nokha. Muyenera kuyang'anitsitsa nthawi zonse pogwiritsa ntchito chida. Mukamagwiritsa ntchito oscilloscope, ndi bwino kukhazikitsa njira yolowera chizindikiro cha oscilloscope ku chipika cha "DC". Kudzera mu njira yolumikizira ya DC, mutha kuwona magawo a AC ndi DC a siginecha yoyezedwa nthawi imodzi. Pambuyo pokonza zolakwika, potsirizira pake fufuzani ngati zizindikiro zosiyanasiyana za chipika cha ntchito ndi makina onse (monga matalikidwe a chizindikiro, mawonekedwe a waveform, chiyanjano cha gawo, phindu, kulowetsedwa kolowera ndi kutulutsa mpweya, ndi zina zotero) zimakwaniritsa zofunikira za mapangidwe. Ngati ndi kotheka, pitirizani maganizo dera magawo Wololera kukonzedwa.
Ntchito zina mu electronic circuit debugging
1. Dziwani zoyeserera:
Malinga ndi mfundo yoyendetsera dongosolo lomwe liyenera kusinthidwa, njira zotumizira ndi njira zoyezera zimapangidwa, zoyeserera zimatsimikiziridwa, malo amalembedwa pazithunzi ndi ma board, ndipo mafomu olembera deta amapangidwa.
2. Konzani benchi yochotsa zolakwika:
Benchi yogwirira ntchito ili ndi zida zowongolera zomwe zimafunikira, ndipo zidazo ziyenera kukhala zosavuta kugwiritsa ntchito komanso zosavuta kuziwona. Chidziwitso chapadera: Mukamapanga ndi kukonza zolakwika, onetsetsani kuti mwakonza benchi kuti ikhale yoyera komanso yaudongo.
3. Sankhani chida choyezera:
Kwa dera la hardware, dongosolo loyezera liyenera kukhala chida choyezera chosankhidwa, ndipo kulondola kwa chida choyezera kuyenera kukhala bwino kuposa dongosolo lomwe likuyesedwa; pakuwongolera mapulogalamu, makina apakompyuta ang'onoang'ono ndi chipangizo chotukula ziyenera kukhala ndi zida.
4. Kuchotsa zolakwika:
Mayendedwe a debugging a dera lamagetsi nthawi zambiri amachitika molingana ndi kayendedwe ka ma sign. Chizindikiro chotuluka cha dera lomwe lasinthidwa kale chimagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chizindikiro cholowera cha gawo lotsatira kuti apange mikhalidwe yosinthira komaliza.
5. Ntchito yonse:
Kwa mabwalo a digito omwe akhazikitsidwa pogwiritsa ntchito zida zotha kupanga, kuyika, kukonza zolakwika, ndi kutsitsa mafayilo oyambira pazida zomangika kuyenera kumalizidwa, ndipo zida zomangira zokhazikika ndi ma analogi akuyenera kulumikizidwa mudongosolo lowongolera ndikuyesa zotsatira.
Njira zodzitetezera pakuwongolera dera
Kaya zotsatira zowonongeka ndizolondola zimakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi kulondola kwa kuchuluka kwa mayeso ndi kulondola kwa mayeso. Pofuna kutsimikizira zotsatira za mayeso, m'pofunika kuchepetsa zolakwika zoyesa ndikuwongolera kulondola kwa mayeso. Kuti muchite izi, chonde tcherani khutu ku mfundo zotsatirazi:
1. Gwiritsani ntchito poyambira pansi pa chida choyesera molondola. Gwiritsani ntchito chotsitsa chapansi cha chida chamagetsi poyesa. Malo otsetsereka apansi ayenera kulumikizidwa ndi malekezero a amplifier. Kupanda kutero, kusokoneza komwe kumayambitsa vuto la chida sikungosintha mawonekedwe a amplifier, komanso kumayambitsa zolakwika pazotsatira zoyesa. . Malinga ndi mfundo imeneyi, pamene debugging emitter kukondera dera, ngati kuli koyenera kuyesa Vce, malekezero awiri a chida sayenera kulumikizidwa mwachindunji kwa wokhometsa ndi emitter, koma Vc ndi Ve ayenera kuyeza motero pansi, ndi kenako awiri Ochepa. Ngati mugwiritsa ntchito ma multimeter owuma a batri poyesa, ma terminals awiri a mita akuyandama, kotero mutha kulumikizana mwachindunji pakati pa mayeso.
2. Kulepheretsa kolowera kwa chida chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito kuyeza voteji chiyenera kukhala chokulirapo kuposa cholepheretsa chofanana ndi malo omwe akuyezedwa. Ngati kulowetsedwa kwa chida choyesera kuli kochepa, kumayambitsa shunt panthawi yoyezera, zomwe zingayambitse cholakwika chachikulu pazotsatira zoyesa.
3. Kuthamanga kwa chida choyesera chiyenera kukhala chachikulu kuposa bandwidth ya dera loyesedwa.
4. Sankhani mfundo zoyesera molondola. Pamene chida choyesera chofanana chikugwiritsidwa ntchito poyezera, cholakwika chomwe chimayambitsidwa ndi kukana kwamkati kwa chidacho chidzakhala chosiyana kwambiri pamene miyeso yoyezera ili yosiyana.
5. Njira yoyezera iyenera kukhala yabwino komanso yotheka. Pamene kuli kofunikira kuyeza zamakono za dera, nthawi zambiri zimakhala zotheka kuyeza voteji m'malo mwa panopa, chifukwa sikoyenera kusintha dera poyeza magetsi. Ngati mukufuna kudziwa mtengo wapano wa nthambi, mutha kuyipeza poyesa voteji kudutsa kukana kwa nthambi ndikuisintha.
6. Panthawi yokonza zolakwika, siziyenera kuwonedwa mosamala ndikuyesa, komanso kukhala bwino pojambula. Zomwe zidalembedwa zikuphatikiza zoyeserera, zochitika zowonedwa, zoyezera deta, mawonekedwe a mafunde, ndi maubale a gawo. Pokhapokha poyerekeza zolemba zambiri zodalirika zoyesera ndi zotsatira zamalingaliro, titha kupeza zovuta pakukonza dera ndikuwongolera dongosolo lokonzekera.
Kuthetsa mavuto pa debugging
Kuti mupeze chifukwa cha vuto mosamala, musachotse mzerewo ndikuwuyikanso ngati cholakwikacho sichingathetsedwe. Chifukwa ngati ndi vuto kwenikweni, ngakhale reinstallation sikungathetse vutoli.
1. Njira zonse zowunikira zolakwika
Kwa dongosolo lovuta, sikophweka kupeza molondola zolakwika mu chiwerengero chachikulu cha zigawo ndi mabwalo. Njira yodziwira zolakwika zambiri imachokera ku zochitika zolephera, kupyolera mu kuyesa mobwerezabwereza, kusanthula ndi chiweruzo, ndikupeza cholakwika pang'onopang'ono.
2. Zochitika zolephera ndi zoyambitsa
● Chochitika cholephera chodziwika bwino: Palibe chizindikiro cholowera mu gawo la amplifier, koma pali mawonekedwe otuluka. Dera la amplifier limakhala ndi chizindikiro cholowera koma palibe mawonekedwe otulutsa, kapena mawonekedwe ake ndi achilendo. Mphamvu zowongolera zotsatizanazi zilibe mphamvu zotulutsa magetsi, kapena mphamvu yotulutsa ndiyokwera kwambiri kuti isinthe,kapena kutulutsa mphamvu kwamagetsi kumasokonekera, ndipo mphamvu yotulutsa imakhala yosakhazikika. Dera lozungulira siliterokutulutsa oscillation, mawonekedwe a mawonekedwe a counter ndi osakhazikika ndi zina zotero.
● Chifukwa chalephereka: Chopangidwa ndi stereotyped chimalephera pakapita nthawi. Zitha kukhala zigawo zowonongeka, mafupipafupi ndi maulendo otseguka, kapena kusintha kwa zinthu.
Njira yowunika kulephera
1. Njira yowonera mwachindunji:
Yang'anani ngati kusankha ndi kugwiritsa ntchito chidacho kuli kolondola, ngati mulingo ndi polarity yamagetsi amagetsi amakwaniritsa zofunikira; kaya zikhomo za chigawo cha polar zimagwirizana bwino, komanso ngati pali cholakwika chilichonse chogwirizanitsa, kusowa kugwirizana, kapena kugundana. Kaya waya ndi wololera; kaya bolodi losindikizidwa ndilofupikitsa, kaya kukana ndi capacitance zimatenthedwa ndi kusweka. Yang'anani ngati zigawozo ndi zotentha, utsi, ngati thiransifoma ili ndi fungo la coke, ngati filament ya chubu yamagetsi ndi chubu ya oscilloscope yayatsidwa, komanso ngati pali kuyatsa kwakukulu.
2. Gwiritsani ntchito ma multimeter kuti muwone malo ogwirira ntchito:
Dongosolo lamagetsi lamagetsi, gawo logwira ntchito la DC la semiconductor triode, chipika chophatikizika (kuphatikiza chinthu, mapini a chipangizo, voteji yamagetsi), komanso kukana pamzere kumatha kuyezedwa ndi ma multimeter. Pamene mtengo woyezera umasiyana kwambiri ndi mtengo wamba, cholakwikacho chikhoza kupezeka pambuyo pofufuza. Mwa njira, malo opangira ma static amathanso kutsimikiziridwa pogwiritsa ntchito njira yolowera ya oscilloscope "DC". Ubwino wogwiritsa ntchito oscilloscope ndikuti kukana kwamkati ndikokwera kwambiri, ndipo kumatha kuwona mawonekedwe a DC akugwira ntchito ndi mawonekedwe azizindikiro pamlingo woyezera nthawi yomweyo, komanso mazizindikiro omwe angathe kusokoneza ndi voteji yaphokoso, yomwe imakhala yabwino kwambiri. kupenda cholakwacho.
3. Njira yolondolera ma sign:
Kwa mabwalo osiyanasiyana ovuta, matalikidwe ena ndi ma frequency oyenerera amatha kulumikizidwa ndi zolowera (mwachitsanzo, amplifier yamagawo angapo, sinusoidal sinusoidal f, 1000 HZ imatha kulumikizidwa ndi zomwe alowetsa). Kuchokera kutsogolo kupita ku siteji yakumbuyo (kapena mosemphanitsa), onani kusintha kwa mawonekedwe a mawonekedwe ndi matalikidwe sitepe ndi sitepe. Ngati sitepe ina ili yachilendo, ndiye kuti vuto limakhala pamenepo.
4. Kusiyanitsa njira:
Pakakhala vuto mudera, mutha kufananiza magawo aderali ndi magawo omwewo (kapena kusanthula mwachidziwitso pakali pano, voteji, mawonekedwe ozungulira, ndi zina zotero) kuti mudziwe zomwe zikuchitika mderali, kenako ndikusanthula ndikusanthula. Dziwani zomwe mwalephera.
5. Njira yosinthira magawo:
Nthawi zina cholakwikacho chimabisika ndipo sichingawonekere pang'onopang'ono. Ngati muli ndi chida chachitsanzo chofanana ndi chida cholakwika panthawiyi, mutha kusintha zigawo, zigawo, mapulagi-mu matabwa, ndi zina zotero mu chida chomwe chili ndi mbali zofananira za chida cholakwika kuti muchepetse kukula kwa Zolakwa ndi pezani gwero la cholakwacho.
6. Njira yolambalala:
Pakakhala oscillation ya parasitic, mutha kugwiritsa ntchito capacitor yokhala ndi okwera oyenerera, sankhani poyang'ana koyenera, ndikulumikiza kwakanthawi capacitor pakati pa cheke ndi malo oyambira. Ngati oscillation ikutha, zimasonyeza kuti oscillation kwaiye pafupi izi kapena siteji yapita Mu dera. Kupanda kutero kuseri, sunthani pofufuza kuti muipeze. The bypass capacitor iyenera kukhala yoyenera ndipo isakhale yayikulu kwambiri, bola ngati ikhoza kuthetsa bwino zizindikiro zovulaza.
7. Njira yayifupi yozungulira:
Ndikutenga gawo lalifupi la dera kuti mupeze cholakwika. Njira yachidule ndiyothandiza kwambiri poyang'ana zolakwika zowonekera. Komabe, ziyenera kukumbukiridwa kuti magetsi (mzere) sangakhale ofupikitsidwa.
8. Njira yochotsera:
Njira yotseguka yozungulira ndiyothandiza kwambiri poyang'ana zolakwika zazifupi. The disconnection njira imakhalanso njira yochepetsera pang'onopang'ono malo omwe akuganiziridwa kuti alephera. Mwachitsanzo, chifukwa magetsi oyendetsedwa bwino amalumikizidwa ndi dera lomwe lili ndi vuto ndipo zotulukapo ndi zazikulu kwambiri, timatenga njira yodula nthambi imodzi yadera kuti tiwone cholakwikacho. Ngati panopa abwerera mwakale pambuyo nthambi kuchotsedwa, vuto limapezeka mu nthambi iyi.