Chifukwa chazitukuko zambiri komanso kupita patsogolo kwaukadaulo muzinthu zofunikira, mapulogalamu, ma protocol ndi miyezo, kufalikira kwa VoIP posachedwapa kukwaniritsidwa. Kupita patsogolo kwaukadaulo ndi chitukuko m'magawo amenewa kwathandizira kuti pakhale njira yolumikizirana bwino, yogwira ntchito, komanso yogwirizana ya VoIP. Zinthu zaukadaulo zomwe zimalimbikitsa chitukuko chofulumira komanso kugwiritsa ntchito VoIP kwakukulu zitha kufotokozedwa mwachidule m'magawo otsatirawa.
1, Digital Signal processor
Ma Advanced Digital Signal processors (DSPS) amagwira ntchito zolimba kwambiri zomwe zimafunikira pakuphatikiza mawu ndi data. Kukonza kwa DSP kwa ma siginoloji a digito kumagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka popanga mawerengero ovuta omwe mwina angafunikire kuchitidwa ndi CPU yazifukwa zambiri. Mphamvu zawo zapadera zogwirira ntchito limodzi ndi mtengo wotsika zimapangitsa DSPS kukhala yoyenera kuchita ntchito zopangira ma siginecha mumakina a VoIP
Kuphatikizika kwa mawu kwa G.729 pamawu amodzi kumakhala kwakukulu, komwe kumafunikira 20MIPS. Ngati CPU yapakati ikufunika kukonza mafunde angapo a mawu, kuchita mayendedwe ndi kasamalidwe ka makina nthawi imodzi, sizowona. Chifukwa chake, kugwiritsa ntchito imodzi kapena zingapo za DSPS zimatha kutsitsa ntchito zowerengera za zovuta zamawu ophatikizika mkati mwake kuchokera pakati pa CPU.Kuphatikiza apo, DSPS ndi yoyeneranso kuzindikira zochitika zamawu ndi ntchito zoletsa ma echo, kuti athe kukonza zidziwitso zamawu. mtsinje mu nthawi yeniyeni ndi kupeza mofulumira kukumbukira pa bolodi .Choncho, Mu mutu uwu, mmene kukhazikitsa mawu coding ndi echo kuletsa pa TMS320C6201DSP nsanja ikufotokozedwa mwatsatanetsatane.
Protocols and standard Software and hardware njira H.323 Weighted fair queuing njira DSP MPLS leboti kusinthana mwachisawawa kuzindikira msanga Advanced ASIC RTP, RTCP Double Funnel Universal Cell rate aligorivimu DWDM RSVP ovotera mwayi SONET Diffserv, CAR Cisco Fast Forwarding CPU Processing mphamvu G.729 , G.729a:CS-ACELP Extended Access Table ADSL, RADSL, SDSL FRF.11/FRF.12 token bucket algorithm Multilink PPP Frame Relay data relay SIP Integration of priority-based CoS Packet pa SONET IP ndi ATM QoS/CoS
2, Mabwalo apamwamba odzipereka ophatikizika
Kupanga kwa Application-Specific Integrated Circait (ASIC) kwapanga ASIC yofulumira, yovuta komanso yogwira ntchito kwambiri. Asics ndi tchipisi tapadera tomwe timagwiritsa ntchito kamodzi kapena kagawo kakang'ono ka ntchito. Poyang'ana pa cholinga chocheperako, amatha kukhathamiritsa kwambiri kuti agwire ntchito inayake ndipo nthawi zambiri amakhala oda limodzi kapena angapo a kukula mwachangu Monga momwe malangizo ochepetsera Set computer (RSIC) tchipisi amayang'ana pakuchita ntchito zingapo mwachangu, ASICS imakonzedweratu. kuchita chiwerengero chochepa cha ntchito mofulumira. Akapangidwa, kupanga kwa ASIC sikukwera mtengo ndipo kumagwiritsidwa ntchito pazida zama network kuphatikizama routersndi masinthidwe, kuyang'ana tebulo lamayendedwe, kutumiza m'magulu, kusanja m'magulu ndi kuyang'ana, ndi kupanga mizere. Kugwiritsa ntchito ASIC kumapangitsa chipangizocho kugwira ntchito kwambiri komanso mtengo wotsika. Amapereka kuchuluka kwa Broadband ndi chithandizo chabwino cha QoS pamanetiweki, motero amathandizira kwambiri kulimbikitsa chitukuko cha VoIP.
3, IP kufala luso
Maukonde ambiri otumizira ma telecom amagwiritsa ntchito njira yogawanitsa nthawi, pomwe intaneti imayenera kugwiritsa ntchito ziwerengero ndikusinthanso mapaketi atali. Poyerekeza ndi ziwirizi, chotsiriziracho chimakhala ndi chiwerengero chachikulu chogwiritsira ntchito zipangizo zamakono, kugwirizanitsa kosavuta komanso kothandiza komanso kuyankhulana, ndipo ndi koyenera kwambiri kwa mautumiki a deta, chomwe ndi chimodzi mwa zifukwa zofunika kwambiri za chitukuko chofulumira cha intaneti. Komabe, kulumikizana kwa netiweki ya Broadband IP kumayika patsogolo zofunikira pa QoS ndi mawonekedwe ochedwa, kotero kupangidwa kwaukadaulo wosinthira paketi wosiyanasiyana wosiyanasiyana kwakopa chidwi cha anthu. Pakalipano, kuwonjezera pa mbadwo watsopano wa IP protocol-ipv6, World Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) yakonza teknoloji ya Multi-protocol Label Switching (MPLS), yomwe ndi mtundu wa teknoloji yosinthira label/label potengera netiweki wosanjikiza. routing, yomwe ingapangitse kusinthasintha kwa njira, kukulitsa luso la kusanja kwa netiweki, kumathandizira kuphatikizama routersndi kusintha ma cell. Kupititsa patsogolo magwiridwe antchito a Network. MPLS singagwire ntchito ngati njira yodziyimira payokha, komanso kuti igwirizane ndi ma network omwe alipo. Imathandizira magwiridwe antchito osiyanasiyana, kasamalidwe ndi kasamalidwe ka netiweki ya IP, ndipo imathandizira kwambiri QoS, mayendedwe ndi ma signing a IP network kulumikizana, kufika kapena kuyandikira mlingo wa statistical multiplexed Fixed Length packet switching (ATM). Ndizosavuta, zogwira mtima, zotsika mtengo komanso zogwira ntchito kuposa ATM.
IETF ikugwiritsanso ntchito njira zatsopano zoyendetsera mapaketi kuti athe kuyendetsa QoS. Tekinoloje ya Tunneling ikuphunziridwa kuti akwaniritse kufalikira kwa Broadband pamalumikizidwe amtundu uliwonse. Kuonjezera apo, momwe mungasankhire IP network transmission platform ndi gawo lofunika kwambiri la kafukufuku m'zaka zaposachedwapa, ndipo IP pa ATM, IP pa SDH, IP pa DWDM ndi matekinoloje ena awonekera motsatizana.
IP wosanjikiza imapereka mautumiki apamwamba a IP omwe ali ndi chitsimikizo cha ntchito zina kwa ogwiritsa ntchito IP. Wosanjikiza wogwiritsa ntchito amapereka mawonekedwe olowera (IP access and broadband access) ndi mawonekedwe okhudzana ndi utumiki. Pazigawo zoyambira, Ethernet ndi gawo lakuthupi la IP network, ndi nkhani, koma IP overDWDM ndiyo teknoloji yamakono, ndipo ili ndi zazikulu. kuthekera kwachitukuko.
Dense Wave Division MultipLexing (DWDM) yapuma moyo watsopano mu ma fiber network ndikupereka bandwidth yodabwitsa mumakampani a telecom network new fiber backbone network. Ukadaulo wa DWDM umagwiritsa ntchito luso la ulusi wamagetsi komanso zida zapamwamba zotumizira. Dzina la ma wave division multiplexing limachokera ku kupatsirana kwa mafunde angapo a kuwala (LASER) kuchokera ku chingwe chimodzi cha fiber optical. Machitidwe amakono amatha kutumiza ndi kuzindikira 16 wavelengths, pamene machitidwe amtsogolo amatha kuthandizira 40 ku 96 wavelengths. Izi ndizofunikira chifukwa utali uliwonse wowonjezera umawonjezera mayendedwe owonjezera a chidziwitso. Chifukwa chake netiweki ya 2.6 Gbit/s (OC-48) imatha kukulitsidwa nthawi 16 popanda kuyika ulusi watsopano.
Maukonde ambiri atsopano amayendetsa OC-192 pa (9.6 Gbit / s), kupanga mphamvu yopitilira 150 Gbit / s pawiri ya ulusi pophatikizana ndi DWDM. Kuphatikiza apo, DWDM imapereka mawonekedwe a protocol ndi liwiro lodziyimira pawokha, mu fiber can thandizo ATM, SDH ndi Gigabit Efaneti kufala chizindikiro pa nthawi yomweyo, kotero izo zikhoza n'zogwirizana ndi maukonde osiyanasiyana amene amangidwa tsopano, kotero DWDM sangathe kuteteza zomangamanga alipo, komanso angapereke mphamvu kwambiri msana maukonde ISP. ndi makampani a telecom omwe ali ndi bandwidth yake yayikulu. Ndipo pangani burodibandi yotsika mtengo komanso yofikirika, yomwe imapereka chithandizo champhamvu pazofunikira za bandwidth za mayankho a VoIP.
Kuchulukitsa kwapaipi sikungangopereka payipi yokulirapo yokhala ndi mwayi wocheperako wotsekereza, komanso kupangitsa kuti kuchedwetsa kuchepe kwambiri, motero kumatha kuchepetsa zofunikira za QoS pamanetiweki a IP kwambiri.
4. Ukadaulo wofikira pa Broadband
Kufikira kwa ogwiritsa ntchito pa intaneti ya IP kwakhala cholepheretsa kukula kwa netiweki yonse. M'kupita kwa nthawi, cholinga chachikulu cha ogwiritsa ntchito ndi fiber-to-the-home (FTTH). Kunena mwachidule, netiweki yofikira yolumikizira imaphatikizapo makina onyamula a digito ndi ma passive optical network. Zakale zimakhala makamaka ku United States, kuphatikizapo pakamwa lotseguka V5.1 / V5.2, kutumiza kachitidwe kake kaphatikizidwe pa fiber optical, kusonyeza mphamvu zazikulu. Omalizawa ali makamaka ku Japan ndi Germany. Japan yalimbikira kufufuza kwa zaka zopitirira khumi, ndipo yatenga njira zingapo zochepetsera mtengo wa ma network osawoneka bwino mpaka pamlingo wofanana ndi zingwe zamkuwa ndi mawaya achitsulo opindika, komanso kugwiritsa ntchito kwambiri. Makamaka m'zaka zaposachedwa, ITU yakonza ATM yochokera ku Passive Optical Network (APON), yomwe imaphatikiza zabwino za ATM ndi netiweki yowoneka bwino. Mlingo wofikira ukhoza kufika ku 622M bit / s, zomwe zimapindulitsa kwambiri pakupanga mautumiki amtundu wa Broadband IP, ndipo zimatha kuchepetsa kulephera komanso kuchuluka kwa node, ndikukulitsa malo ofikira. Pakadali pano, ITU yamaliza ntchito yokhazikika, ndipo opanga osiyanasiyana akuipanga mwachangu. Posachedwapa pakhala zogulitsa pamsika, ndipo ikhala njira yayikulu yachitukuko chaukadaulo waukadaulo wa Broadband womwe ukukumana ndi zaka za zana la 21.
Pakalipano, matekinoloje akuluakulu olowera ndi :PSTN, IADN, ADSL, CM, DDN, X.25, Efaneti ndi makina ofikira opanda zingwe. Ukadaulo wofikirawu uli ndi mawonekedwe awoawo, omwe omwe akutukuka kwambiri ndi ADSL ndi CM; CM (Chingwe Modem) imatenga chingwe cha coaxial chokhala ndi kufalikira kwakukulu komanso kuthekera kolimba kotsutsana ndi kusokoneza; koma osati kufala kwa njira ziwiri, palibe muyezo umodzi.
ADSL(Asymmetrical Digital Loop) imapereka mwayi wofikira ku burodibandi, imagwiritsa ntchito mokwanira ma netiweki amafoni omwe alipo, komanso imapereka kuchuluka kwa ma asymmetric transmission. Kutsitsa kwa ogwiritsira ntchito kumatha kufika 8 Mbit / s, ndipo kukweza kwa osuta kumatha kufika 1M bit/s. ADSL imapereka burodi yofunikira kwa mabizinesi ndi ogwiritsa ntchito payekhapayekha, ndipo imachepetsa kwambiri ndalama. Pogwiritsa ntchito mabwalo am'madera otsika mtengo a ADSL, makampani tsopano atha kulumikiza intaneti ndi opereka chithandizo cha intaneti pa VPN pa liwiro lapamwamba, kulola kuyimba kwa VoIP kwapamwamba.
5. Central processing unit technology
Central processing units (cpus) akupitiriza kusinthika malinga ndi magwiridwe antchito, mphamvu, ndi liwiro. Izi zimathandiza kuti ma PCS ambiri azigwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ndikuwongolera magwiridwe antchito amachitidwe omwe amachepetsedwa ndi mphamvu ya CPU. Kuthekera kwa PCS kuthana ndi zomvera ndi makanema kumayembekezeredwa kwanthawi yayitali kuchokera kwa ogwiritsa ntchito, kotero kutumiza mafoni amawu pamanetiweki ya data kunali gawo lotsatira lomveka. Kuthekera kophatikizaku kumathandizira ma desktops apamwamba a multimedia komanso zida zapamwamba pazigawo zamaneti kuti zithandizire kugwiritsa ntchito mawu.
VOIP ndi yathuONUmndandanda wazinthu zapaintaneti mubizinesi, ndi zinthu zofunika pa intaneti zotentha za kampani yathu zimaphimba mitundu yosiyanasiyana yaONUmndandanda, kuphatikiza ACONU/ kulumikizanaONU/ wanzeruONU/ bokosiONU/ doko la PON kawiriONU, ndi zina.
ZapamwambaziONUzogulitsa zingapo zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito pazofunikira pamaneti pazochitika zosiyanasiyana. Takulandilani kuti mukhale ndi chidziwitso chaukadaulo chazinthu.
