Poyankha zovuta zomwe makasitomala amakumana nazo, akatswiri opanga R&D a kampani yathu adzabweretsanso mavuto a XPON munthawi yake.ONU/GPONONUZogulitsa malinga ndi zosowa za kasitomala, ndipo ngati kuli kofunikira, zidzatulutsanso malo omwe makasitomala amagwiritsira ntchito ndikuyesa kuyesa mu labotale yathu ya R&D. Theoltzida za kampani yathu zidzagwiritsidwanso ntchito poyesa, ndipo kukweza kwa pulogalamuyo ndikuwongolera zolakwika kudzachitika pamenepo.
Tilemba zinthu zomwe zikuyesedwa, monga XPONONU/GPONONU, kupanga chipika chokwera. Mu chipika chamapiri, mphamvu ya kuwala ya anzeruONUkapena ulalo wa fiber optical udzalembedwa. Tikamayesa mtundu watsopano wa driver pansi pa GPONOLTndi EPONOLT: SFU PPPOE woyimba wosadziwika pansi pa GPON panthawiyi amangofunika kulembetsa ndikukonzekera utumiki, popanda lamulo la ont port vlan 1 18 eth 1 transparent.
Kuchokera pakuyankhulana kwanu kwanzeru kwa madoko 8ONUOptical mphaka module wopanga
2. ZaOLTKukonza Zida
Pamene aOLTchipangizo chimaphatikizapo kasinthidwe ka ntchito ya SFU, ngatiONUmtundu ndi SFU, ndiONUDoko la LAN limapeza adilesi ya IP yoperekedwa ndi chipata chapamwamba, muyenera kuwonjezera kasinthidwe ka VLAN padoko lofananira ZXAN (config) # pon-onu-ng gpon-onu_ 1/2/1:6. ZXAN(gpon-onu) -mng 1/2/1:6)#vlan port eth_ 0/1 mode tag vlan 100
Pa kasinthidwe ka ntchito ya CATV, onaniONUthandizo kuwongolera CATVkusinthaON/OFF kudzera pa OMCI (ME82)
ZXAN(config)#pon-onu-mng gpon-onu_ 1/2/1:6
ZXAN(gpon-onu-mng 1/2/1:6)#interface video video_ 0/1 state lock
ZXAN(gpon-onu-mng 1/2/1:6)#interface video video_ 0/1 state unlock
Kuchokera kuchipinda chanu cholumikizirana matelefoniOLTwopanga zida!
3. XPONONUkuyambika kwaukadaulo wa netiweki
XPONONUndi teknoloji yomwe ikukulabe, ndipo ntchito yake ku China ikukula pang'onopang'ono. China Telecom yapanga muyezo. M'kati mwapang'onopang'ono kusintha kwa muyezo, chifukwa cha ntchito yofananira ndi malo a DSL ndi XPONONU, luso la kasamalidwe okhwima ndi luso mu gawo la DSL zakhala zikugwiritsidwa ntchito kuti zifotokoze. TR101 ikuyimira njira yotsatira yachitukuko ndi zofunikira zaukadaulo/kasamalidwe m'munda wa DSL, ndi CTC XPON.ONUaphunzira zambiri kapena zochepa kuchokera pamenepo
Momwe mungasamukire kuchokera ku ATM-based DSL network (TR059) kupita ku Ethernet-based DSL network
Perekani ma bandwidth apamwamba komanso ntchito zambiri za IP (Video, VOIP, Masewera, L2VPN/IPVPN, ndi zina)
Bwino IP QOS
Kuphatikizira zofunikira zaukadaulo ndi kasamalidwe pazinthu zazikulu monga VLAN, QOS, Multicast, ndi zina zambiri
4. 10G GPONONUMaziko Aukadaulo
Kukula kokhazikika kwa 10G GPONONU:
(1) FSAN imagawaniza m'badwo wotsatira PON mu magawo awiri: NGA1 imachokera ku TDMA PON kuti ipange liwiro lapamwamba. Liwiro lake limatchedwa 10Gbps. NGA2 ndikukambitsirana za kukweza kwaukadaulo kowonjezereka komanso zolinga zina zosamveka za NG-PON1. Mwachitsanzo, WDM PON, OFDM, etc. NG-PON ingagwiritsidwe ntchito bwino ku FTTx, monga ogwiritsa ntchito mabizinesi, ogwiritsa ntchito payekha komanso backhaul yam'manja.
(2)ITU NGA1 XGPON1： 10G GPON Asymmetric:Lofalitsidwa G.987.1&G.987.2 ; G.987.3&G. 988 inasindikizidwa mu June 2010.ITU NGA1 XGPON2: 10G GPON Symmetric:Zokambirana zikuyamba mu 2010.Q1. Kuthekera kumodzi ndikudumpha symmetric 10G GPON ndikusamukira ku NGA2.
5. Kumanga kwaOLTzipangizo zolembera malo siteshoni
Ndife aOLTwopanga zida, ndi chilengedwe chomanga malo ojambulira zidziwitso zidzakhudzidwa muchipinda chathu cholumikizirana.
Zokhudza chilengedwe cha pulogalamu ya Tftpd32:
1. Ikani chingwe chosalekeza muOLTmankhwala. Monga momwe tawonetsera m'chithunzichi: cholumikizira chapamwamba ndi chingwe cha serial port, ndipo ulalo wapansi ndi chingwe cha netiweki.
2. Tsegulani kompyuta ndi kusankha “Tftpd32″ mapulogalamu.
3. Sankhani chikwatu chapafupi kumene Tftpd32 yaikidwa.
OLT chipangizo code kulemba-v8 mapulogalamu chilengedwe kupanga
1. SankhaniOLTLembani-v8 pulogalamu, dinani kumanja kuti mutsegule malo ake.
2. Sinthani lolingana Mokweza wapamwamba malinga ndiOLTzofunika mankhwala.
OLTchipangizo code kulemba-v8 mapulogalamu chilengedwe kupanga
1. Ngati codeyo yalembedwa bwino, mawonekedwe apakompyuta adzawonetsa "PASS" yobiriwira
2. Pambuyo malamulo olembedwa bwino, muiike lolingana Mac chizindikiro pepala kumbuyo kumanzere kwaOLTmankhwala.
6. Kulankhulanainu/Optical fiberinukusanthula koyambira
Zokhudza zomwe uboot: uboot kwenikweni ndi pulogalamu ya bootloader - bootloader. Yambani, malizitsani kuyambitsa kwa hardware, yambitsani chojambulira cha hardware, yambitsani hardware, ndikuyika makina ogwiritsira ntchito. Thandizani ma hardware osiyanasiyana, monga ARM, MIPS, X86, AVR32, RISC-V zomangamanga, ndi machitidwe osiyanasiyana, monga WinCE, Linux kernel, Android opareting system. chilankhulo cha msonkhano, yambitsani posungira, MMU, wotchi, watchdog, DDR3, eMMC, yambitsani gawo lachiwiri, ndikuyambitsanso pagulu. Nthawi zambiri, zimalembedwa m'chinenero cha C, yambitsani doko lachinsinsi, khadi la intaneti, usb, lcd, ndikupereka zida zambiri. Lowetsani mzere wa lamulo la uboot, gwiritsani ntchito lamulo la uboot, ndikukweza makina ogwiritsira ntchito.
Za Linux kernel:
Udindo wa kernel: kasamalidwe ka ndondomeko ndi kulankhulana kwa ndondomeko: kupanga ndondomeko ndi kuchotsa, kusamalidwa patsogolo pakati pa ndondomeko, kagawo ka nthawi kasinthasintha kachitidwe, ndi kulankhulana pakati pa ndondomeko. Memory management: memory algorithm algorithm. Malo okumbukira ntchito iliyonse amaperekedwa ndi Linux. Mafayilo othandizidwa amatha kuyang'ana pa madalaivala a Linux: zida zamakhalidwe, zida zotchinga, zida zamaneti, zosokoneza, ndi mawotchi a kernel kudzera pa cat/proc/filesystems, 4) kasamalidwe ka zida. Network protocol: TCP/IP. Tsamba lovomerezeka la Linux kernel:https://www.kernel.org/
Pakali pano, kulankhulana kwathuinu/Optical fiberinutalowa muzowunikira zathu zachitetezo, kufalikira kwa netiweki ya hotelo komanso kufalikira kwa netiweki yamasukulu. Ngati mukufuna kudziwa zambiri za chidziwitso chamkati cha mankhwalawa, chonde werengani zolemba zina zoyenera!
7. ONUProduct Foundation CLI
Za anzeru athuONUmtundu wazinthu:
1, seti yowala DEFAULT_ DEVICE_ NAME HUR2102XR//Device-Name patsamba
2, seti yakung'anima ya GPON_ ONU_ Model idanenedwaOLTmu MODE HUR2102XR//GPON mode
3, GPON_ ONU_ MODEL HUR2102XR//Models adanenedwaOLTmu GPON mode
4, seti yakung'anima GPON_ ONU_ MODEL HUR2102XR//Models adanenedwaOLTmu GPON mode
Zogulitsa zazikulu zakampani yathuoltinu/acinu/gpoinu/xponinu/catvinuNdizinthu zonse zotentha za kampaniyo, zomwe zingagwirizane ndi kuyang'anira chitetezo, kufalikira kwa maukonde a hotelo komanso kufalikira kwa netiweki yamasukulu. Ngati mukufuna, mutha kulumikizana nafe patsamba lathu lofikira. Tili ndi gulu la akatswiri a R&D, gulu logulitsiratu komanso pambuyo pogulitsa. More muyezo kupanga chilengedwe. Padzakhala akatswiri abizinesi akudziwitsani zambiri zamakampani athu ndi ntchito zofananira kwa inu musanagulitse, ndipo gulu lantchito la akatswiri lidzakuperekezeni mukagulitsa. Takulandirani!
8. Kufotokozera kwa sfp optical fiber module
Tanthauzo la optical module: Optical module imapangidwa ndi zipangizo za optoelectronic, ma circuits ogwirira ntchito ndi optical interfaces. Zida za optoelectronic zimaphatikizapo magawo awiri: kufalitsa ndi kulandira. Mwachidule, ntchito ya optical module ndi photoelectric kutembenuka. Mapeto otumizira amasintha chizindikiro chamagetsi kukhala chizindikiro cha kuwala. Pambuyo pofalitsa kudzera mu fiber optical, mapeto olandira amasintha chizindikiro cha kuwala kukhala chizindikiro chamagetsi.
Mtundu wa Optical module:
1, Ndi phukusi: 1X9, GBIC, SFF, SFP, XFP, SFP+, X2, XENPAK, 300pin
2, Gulu ndi mawonekedwe magetsi: otentha pulagi (golide chala) (5g kuwala gawo / 1.25g kuwala gawo / 10g gawo kuwala), pini kuwotcherera kalembedwe (1 × 9/2 × 9/SFF)
Kawirikawiri, chizindikirocho ndi choposa 2.5G, ndipo pali kutaya kwina kwa chizindikiro pamene njira yowotcherera pini ikugwiritsidwa ntchito. Ikadutsa 10G, muyenera kugwiritsa ntchito chala chagolide. Chifukwa chake, ma module apamwamba amakono olumikizira magetsi onse ali ngati zala zagolide. Komabe, ubwino wa kuwotcherera pini ya mizere ndikuti imakhala yolimba kuposa chala chagolide. Nthawi zina zapadera, mawonekedwe a mzere wowotcherera amayenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito.
Ngati mukufuna kudziwa zambiri za gigabit single-mode sfp Optical module kapena mitundu ina yama module, chonde titumizireni patsamba lofikira!
9. SFP Communication Optical Module Structure
Ngakhale phukusi, liwiro ndi kufalikira kwa mtunda wamitundu yosiyanasiyana ya ma module owoneka ndi osiyana, mawonekedwe awo amkati amakhala ofanana. SFP transceiver optical module pang'onopang'ono yakhala gawo lalikulu la ntchito chifukwa cha miniaturization yake, plugging yabwino yotentha, kuthandizira muyezo wa SFF8472, kuwerenga kwa analogi kosavuta, komanso kulondola kwapamwamba (mkati +/- 2dBm). Chotsatirachi ndi chitsanzo cha SFP Optical module kuti iwonetse momwe imapangidwira mkati ndi mfundo zogwirira ntchito:
Zoyambira za module ya Optical zikuphatikiza magawo awa:
1. Chipangizo cha Optical: chipangizo cha Optical ndi chipangizo chophatikizira chosakanizidwa chopangidwa ndi zigawo zingapo za optoelectronic ndi IC, zigawo zogwira ntchito (monga kukana, capacitance, inductance, mutual inductance, microlens, isolator), optical fiber ndi zitsulo zachitsulo, zomwe zimaphatikizidwa ndi amaphatikizidwa pamodzi kuti amalize ntchito imodzi kapena zingapo.
2. Integrated dera bolodi (PCBA): Njira yonse ya PCB opanda bolodi okwera kudzera SMT (chip mounting) kapena kudzera DIP pulagi-mu, amatchedwa PCBA. Mawotchi otumizira mawotchi / makina olandila, chip (chichi chowongolera, chipangizo chosungira), amplifier (amplifier yochepetsera), kuchira kwa data ya wotchi (CDR), chala chagolide
3. Chipolopolo: zipangizo zakunja zikuphatikizapo chipolopolo (chivundikiro chachitsulo chapamwamba), kutsegulira gawo, buckle, maziko (zitsulo za zinc alloy kufa-casting), kukoka mphete, pulagi ya rabara, ndi mtundu wa mphete yokoka imatha kuzindikira mtundu wa gawo la gawoli.
10. Kuwunika kwa zovuta za SMT (SMT) za Optical module PCB 'A
Voliyumu ya gawo la optical palokha ndi yaying'ono kwambiri, ndipo kachulukidwe kagawo pa PCB yake yofananira ndi yayikulu ndipo kukula kwake ndi kochepa. Nthawi zambiri, zigawo za chip nthawi zambiri zimayikidwa mu phukusi la 0402, ndipo phukusi la 0201 limalimbikitsidwanso pang'onopang'ono. Kuonjezera apo, chifukwa module ya optical iyenera kugwirizanitsidwa ndi malo oyambira pansi pazitsulo kudzera mu Golden Finger, vuto la "kuipitsa" la Golden Finger mu ndondomeko ya SMT limakhalanso limodzi mwa zovuta za ndondomekoyi.
Kuphatikiza apo, chifukwa cha kuphatikizika kwakukulu, ma module ena a PCBA amayenera kutengera njira zopangira njira:
➢ Kupyolera mu cholumikizira dzenje (THC: Kupyolera mu Hole Component) imatenga njira yatsopano yotulukanso (THR: Kupyolera mu Hole Reflow);
➢ The flexible printed circuit board (FPC) ndi hard printed circuit board (PCB) amawotcherera ndi kuphatikiza matabwa ofewa ndi olimba (FoB: FPC on Board);
➢ 0402 njira yatsopano yowotcherera ya 3D pakati pa chip resistance ndi capacitance (CoC: Chip on Chip).
Takulandilani kuti muphunzire zambiri za chidziwitso chamankhwala cholumikizirana, module yolumikizirana, pluggable Optical module, 10MW Optical module, Optical Communication module, Network Optical module ndi Communication Optical module patsamba la kampani yathu. Pakalipano, zinthu zamagetsi zamagetsi zingagwiritsidwe ntchito poyankhulana ndi deta, zogwiritsira ntchito chipinda cha makompyuta, kuyang'anira chitetezo ndi kulamulira mafakitale.
11. Njira Yachitukuko ya Optical Modules
1. Miniaturization
Pakalipano, mpikisano mumsika wolumikizana ndi kuwala ukukulirakulira, kuchuluka kwa zida zoyankhulirana kumakhala kocheperako komanso kocheperako, ndipo kachulukidwe ka mawonekedwe omwe ali mu bolodi la mawonekedwe akukula kwambiri. Chipangizo chodziwika bwino chosiyana ndi laser ndi detector chakhala chovuta kuti chigwirizane ndi zofunikira za zipangizo zamakono zoyankhulirana. Pofuna kukwaniritsa zofunikira pazida zoyankhulirana pazida zowunikira, ma module optical akukula kupita kumaphukusi ang'onoang'ono ophatikizika kwambiri. Ma module a optoelectronic ophatikizika kwambiri amathandizira ogwiritsa ntchito kukonza ma siginecha othamanga kwambiri a analogi optoelectronic, kufupikitsa R&D ndi kuzungulira kwa kupanga, kuchepetsa mitundu yazigawo zogulidwa, ndikuchepetsa ndalama zopangira. Chifukwa chake, amakondedwa kwambiri ndi opanga zida.
2. Mtengo wotsika komanso kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zochepa
Kuchuluka kwa zida zoyankhulirana kukucheperachepera, ndipo kachulukidwe ka mawonekedwe omwe ali mu bolodi la mawonekedwe akukwera, zomwe zimafuna kuti zida za optoelectronic zikhale zotsika mtengo komanso zotsika mtengo. Pakadali pano, zida zowunikira nthawi zambiri zimagwiritsa ntchito njira zophatikizira zosakanizidwa komanso njira zopaka mpweya. Chitukuko chotsatira chidzakhala choyikapo chosakhala ndi mpweya, chomwe chiyenera kudalira kuphatikizika kwa kuwala kopanda XYZ (non-XYZ direction adjustment) ndi matekinoloje ena kuti apititse patsogolo kukula kwa makina ndi kuchepetsa ndalama.
3. Mtengo wapamwamba
Anthu amafuna zidziwitso zochulukirachulukira komanso kufalikira mwachangu. Monga mzati waukulu wa kusinthanitsa zidziwitso zamakono, kukonza ndi kufalitsa, maukonde olumikizirana owoneka bwino akhala akukula molunjika pafupipafupi, kuthamanga kwambiri komanso mphamvu yayikulu kwambiri. Kuchuluka kwa kufalikira ndi mphamvu, kumachepetsa mtengo wotumizira uthenga uliwonse.
4. Mtunda wautali
Mawonekedwe amakono amakono ali kutali kwambiri, zomwe zimafuna ma transceivers akutali kuti agwirizane nazo. Chizindikiro cha transceiver chakutali chimatha kufalitsa pafupifupi makilomita 100 popanda kukulitsa. Cholinga chake chachikulu ndikupulumutsa optical amplifier okwera mtengo ndikuchepetsa mtengo wa kulumikizana kwa kuwala. Kutengera kutengera mtunda wotumizira, ma transceivers ambiri akutali amasankha 1550 band (wavelength range ili pafupi 1530 mpaka 1565 nm) ngati gulu logwira ntchito, chifukwa kutayika kwa mafunde optical wave kumakhala kochepa pamtunduwu, ndipo ma amplifiers omwe alipo onse akugwira ntchito. mu bandi iyi.
5. Kusinthana kotentha
Ndiko kuti, gawoli likhoza kulumikizidwa kapena kuchotsedwa ku chipangizocho popanda kudula magetsi. Chifukwa mawonekedwe a optical ndi otentha-swappable, woyang'anira maukonde akhoza kukweza ndi kukulitsa dongosolo popanda kutseka intaneti, zomwe sizidzakhudza ogwiritsa ntchito pa intaneti. Mapulagi otentha amathandizanso ntchito yonse yokonza zinthu mosavuta ndipo imathandizira ogwiritsa ntchito kuwongolera bwino ma transceiver modules. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, chifukwa cha ntchito yosinthanitsa yotenthayi, gawoli limathandizira oyang'anira maukonde kupanga ndondomeko yonse ya mtengo wa transceiver, mtunda wolumikizana ndi ma topology onse a netiweki molingana ndi zofunikira zapaintaneti, popanda kusintha ma board onse.
12. Mfundo Zofunika za Kusintha
LAN yachikhalidwe imagwiritsa ntchito HUB, yomwe ili ndi basi imodzi yokha, ndipo basi imodzi ndi malo otsutsana. Chifukwa chake LAN yachikhalidwe ndi netiweki yathyathyathya, ndipo LAN ndi ya gawo lomwelo la mikangano. Mauthenga otumizidwa ndi wolandira aliyense adzalandiridwa ndi makina ena onse omwe ali mugawo lomwelo. Pambuyo pake, mlatho wa netiweki (wosanjikiza 2kusintha) idagwiritsidwa ntchito m'malo mwa hub (HUB) pamanetiweki. Doko lirilonse likhoza kuonedwa ngati basi yosiyana, ndipo malo omenyanawo amachepetsedwa ku doko lililonse, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti maukonde azitha kutumiza mauthenga amtundu wa unicast ndikuwongolera kwambiri magwiridwe antchito a network 2. Ngati wolandira alendo atumiza uthenga wowulutsa, chipangizocho chikhoza kulandirabe uthenga woulutsidwa. Nthawi zambiri timatcha kuchuluka kwa kufalitsa uthenga ngati malo owulutsira. Mlatho wa netiweki ukatumiza uthenga wowulutsa, umafunikabe kupanga makope angapo a uthengawo ndikuutumiza kumakona onse a netiweki. Ndi kukulitsa kwa sikelo ya maukonde, pali mauthenga ochulukirachulukira pamaneti, ndipo mauthenga owulutsa amakhala ndi zinthu zambiri zapaintaneti, zomwe zimakhudza kwambiri magwiridwe antchito. Ili ndiye vuto lotchedwa mvula yamkuntho.
Chifukwa cha kuchepa kwa mfundo yogwirira ntchito ya maukonde awiri osanjikiza mlatho, mlatho sungachite kalikonse pazamkuntho wowulutsa. Pofuna kupititsa patsogolo luso la netiweki, nthawi zambiri ndikofunikira kugawa maukonde: kugawa gawo lalikulu lowulutsa m'magawo angapo ang'onoang'ono owulutsa.
M'mbuyomu, LAN nthawi zambiri inkagawidwa kudzera pa ma routers. Therautamu chithunzi m'malo mfundo chapakatikusinthamu chithunzi cham'mbuyo, chomwe chimachepetsa kwambiri kufalikira kwa mauthenga owulutsa. Njira iyi imathetsa vuto la mphepo yamkuntho, komarautaimagwiritsidwa ntchito kulekanitsa maukonde m'magawo a network network. Kukonzekera kwa maukonde ndizovuta, njira yolumikizirana ndi intaneti sikusintha, ndipo imawonjezera kwambiri zovuta za kasamalidwe ndi kukonza. Monga njira ina yogawa magawo a LAN, LAN yeniyeni yakhazikitsidwa muzothetsera zamaukonde kuti athetse mavuto omwe amakumana nawo ndi malo akuluakulu amitundu iwiri.
Virtual Local Area Network (VLAN) momveka imagawaniza maukonde ndi ogwiritsa ntchito maukonde molingana ndi mfundo zina, ndikugawa maukonde enieni kukhala maukonde angapo ang'onoang'ono omveka. Maukonde ang'onoang'ono omveka awa amapanga madera awo owulutsa, ndiye kuti, ma LAN VLAN. Mu chithunzi, chapakatikusinthaamagwiritsidwa ntchito, koma kumanzere ndi kumanja kuli ma VLAN osiyanasiyana, kupanga madera awo owulutsa. Mauthenga owulutsa sangathe kufalitsidwa m'madomeni awa.
Virtual LAN momveka imagawaniza gulu la ogwiritsa ntchito magawo osiyanasiyana a netiweki kukhala LAN, yomwe ili yofanana ndi LAN yachikhalidwe pakugwira ntchito ndi magwiridwe antchito, ndipo imatha kupereka kulumikizana kwa ma terminal mumitundu ina.
13. EPONONU/GPONONUKusiyana, Epulo 6, 2022
Miyezo yosiyanasiyana (PON system)
EPON: IEEE 802.3ah. Muyezo uwu umaphatikiza ukadaulo wa Ethernet ndi PON. Ukadaulo wa PON umagwiritsidwa ntchito pazosanjikiza zakuthupi ndipo protocol ya Ethernet imagwiritsidwa ntchito mugawo la ulalo wa data kuti ikwaniritse intaneti ya PON
GPON: ITU-TG.984 mndandanda muyezo, kutengera kufala kwa convergence (TC) wosanjikiza, akhoza kumaliza anatengera ntchito apamwamba mlingo zosiyanasiyana ntchito
Mitengo yosiyana
EPON imapereka uplink yokhazikika ndi downlink 1.25Gbps; EPON imathandizira kuchuluka kwa shunt kwa 1:64;
GPON imathandizira uplink ndi downlink asymmetric rate, ndi downlink 2.5Gbps kapena 1.25G ndi uplink 1.25Gbps;
GPON imathandizira kuchuluka kwa 1: 128 (mtengo wamalingaliro);
Kugwiritsa ntchito ndi chitukuko
EPON: mtengo wotsika komanso kukonza kosavuta, ndiko kusankha kwa ogwiritsa ntchito ambiri koyambirira
GPON: Miyezo yabwino kwambiri, chithandizo chabwino chophatikizika chautumiki komanso zofunikira zaukadaulo ndizomwe zimayendera pa intaneti
Dongosolo lokhazikika la GPON ndi "lotseguka", lomwe limakambidwa pamodzi ndikuwongolera ndi mabungwe anayi akuluakulu a miyezo (ITU-T SG15 Q2, FSAN, Broadband Forum, ATIS NIPP);
Muyezo wa EPON unayambitsidwa ndi IEEE ndikuwongolera ndi ogwira ntchito m'mayiko osiyanasiyana, omwe ndi "otsekedwa"
14. Basic Introduction to Software Functions ofONUZogulitsa
ONUmasitaelo a pulogalamu yamapulogalamu amagawidwa m'mitundu iwiri:
(1) Lowani Tsamba lawebusayiti
(2) Kukhazikitsa tsamba lawebusayiti
ONU- batani:
Chinsinsi: RST, WPS, WIFI
Malo: mbali kapena kutsogolo (mapangidwe a hardware)
Ntchito: Bwezeretsani kuti mubwezeretse zoikamo za fakitale, kanikizani ndikugwira kwa 5-10S, ndikumasula
WIFI yambitsani, yatsani kapena muzimitsa ntchito ya WIFI
Zokonda pachitetezo cha WPS WIFI: dinani batani la WPS, ndipo chizindikiro cha WPS chidzawala. Pakadali pano, kasitomala wa WIFI atha kugwiritsa ntchito kulumikizana kwa WPS kuti amalize kulumikizana ndi netiweki opanda zingwe nthawi zonse popanda kulowa mawu achinsinsi a SSID.
Optical fiber zolumikizira zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi athuONUmankhwala:
SC/UPC
➢ Wolembetsa cholumikizira/Standard
➢ Kankhani mtundu, yosavuta kutsegula ndi kutsitsa
➢ ndiye cholumikizira chodziwika bwino. Kulemera kochepa, kakang'ono, kosavuta kugwira ntchito
SC/APC
➢ Kulumikizana Mwakuthupi Kwanjira
➢ Pogaya ndi kupukuta ma microsphere pamwamba pa ngodya ya 8 digiri
➢ Bweretsani kutaya ≥ 60dB, yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pa intaneti ya TV kufalitsa chizindikiro cha CATV
Loop-Detect: Kuzindikira kwa Port loop: Tumizani mauthenga apadera pamadoko a chipangizocho ndikuwona ngati mauthengawo angatumizidwe kuchokera. Doko lomwe mukupita limalandiridwanso kuti muwone ngati pali loopback padoko. Ngati pali alamu yotumizidwa ndi chipangizocho, tsekani doko. Pambuyo pochotsa chipikacho, tsegulaninso doko ndikunena za kuchotsedwa kwa alamu.
Pamene ntchitoONUZogulitsa, zidzakhudza momwe timayendetseraONU:
Njira zinayi zoyendetseraONU
WEB Management
Kuwongolera kwa CLI
OAM/OMCI Management
TR069/SNMP
15.ONU-OAM/OMCI
OAM
√ Ntchito, Utsogoleri & Kusamalira
√ International muyezo IEEE 802.3 ah, zoweta muyezo CTC 3.0
√ OAM ndiye njira yolumikizirana pakatiONUndi EPONOLTmu EPON mode "discovery process" "link maintenance" "query and setting" "alarm"
OMCI
√ ONT Management & Control Interface "ONT Management & Control Interface"
√ Muyezo wapadziko lonse wa ITU-T G984. x ITU-T G988
√ OMCI ndiye njira yolumikizirana pakatiONUndi GPONOLTmu GPON mode
SNMP - Simple Network Management Protocol
Imagwiritsidwa ntchito poyang'anira ntchito kuti isamalire patali zida zonse za netiweki zomwe zimathandizira protocol, kuphatikiza kufunsa za netiweki, kusintha kasinthidwe kamanetiweki, ndikulandila zidziwitso zochenjeza zapaintaneti. "Configuration Management" "Fault Management" "Performance Management" "Security Management"
Mfundo ziwiri zazikuluzikulu za SNMP ndi MIB (Management Information Base) ndi OID (Object Identifier)
Management Information Base MIB: imatanthawuza zambiri za kasamalidwe zomwe zingagwiritsidwe ntchito pa chipangizocho. Othandizira ndi oyang'anira amagwiritsa ntchito MIB ngati njira yolumikizirana yolumikizirana
Chizindikiritso cha chinthu OID: chinthu choyendetsedwa ndi MIB (chizindikiritso chapadera)
Mwachitsanzo, 1.3.6.1.2.1.1.1.0 Pezani zambiri zamakina (SysDesc)
16. Network Topology
√ WiFi imatha kulumikizidwa kudzera pamitundu yosiyanasiyana yapaintaneti, ndipo kupezeka kwake ndi mwayi wopezeka pa netiweki kumakhalanso ndi zofunikira ndi masitepe ake. Netiweki ya WiFi yopanda zingwe imaphatikizapo mitundu iwiri ya topology: zomangamanga ndi ad-hoc. Mfundo ziwiri zofunika kwambiri: siteshoni (STA): gawo lofunikira kwambiri pa intaneti. Malo aliwonse olumikizidwa ndi netiweki opanda zingwe (monga laputopu, PDA ndi zida zina zolumikizidwa ndi netiweki) zitha kutchedwa station. Wireless access point (AP): wopanga ma network opanda zingwe komanso node yapakati pa netiweki. Kawirikawiri, opanda wayarautaamagwiritsidwa ntchito kunyumba kapena muofesi ndi AP. Chaneli, kiyi (monga WEP), protocol ya netiweki (monga DHCP), bridging, ndi zina zotere ziyenera kukhazikitsidwa. Makasitomala ndi desktop, notebook, makompyuta am'manja ndi zida zina zogwiritsa ntchito.
√ Network yopanda zingwe yozikidwa pa AP
√ Wopangidwa ndi AP ndikupangidwa ndi ma STA ambiri
√ AP ndiye pakati pa netiweki yonse
√ The STA sangathe kulankhulana mwachindunji wina ndi mzake ndipo ayenera kutumizidwa ndi AP. Zotsatirazi ndizomwe zimapangidwira GPON ya kampani yathuOLT/XPONOLT/OLTONU/ACONU/foniONU/WIFIONU/CATVONUzofotokozera:
17. OSI 7-Layer Network Architecture
√ Physical layer: 802.11b imatanthawuza kuchuluka kwa ma data a 11Mbps omwe akugwira ntchito mu bandi yafupipafupi ya 2.4GHz ISM.
√ MAC wosanjikiza: MAC wosanjikiza imapereka ntchito zingapo zothandizira ma network opanda zingwe. Kudzera pa tsamba la MAC wosanjikiza Mutha kukhazikitsa netiweki kapena kupeza netiweki yomwe ilipo ndikutumiza deta ku LLC.
√ LLC wosanjikiza: IEEE802.11 imagwiritsa ntchito wosanjikiza womwewo wa LLC ndi adilesi ya 48-bit MAC monga IEEE802.2 Adilesi, yomwe imapangitsa mlatho pakati pa opanda zingwe ndi mawaya kukhala wosavuta kwambiri. Koma adilesi ya MAC ndiyosiyana ndi WLAN kudziwa.
√ Netiweki wosanjikiza: IP protocol imatengedwa, yomwe ndi njira yofunikira kwambiri pamalangizo apaintaneti yomwe iyenera kutsatiridwa polumikizana.
√ Zosanjikiza zamayendedwe: protocol ya TCP/UDP imatengedwa. TCP ndi protocol yolumikizana ndipo imatha kupereka kufalitsa kwa IPReliable pansi pa chilengedwe; UDP ndi protocol yopanda kulumikizana yomwe sipereka kudalirika kwa IP
√ Kutumiza. Pazinthu zodalirika kwambiri, gawo la zoyendera nthawi zambiri limatenga protocol ya TCP. Ntchito yosanjikiza: imayendetsedwa molingana ndi zofunikira zogwiritsira ntchito, monga HTTP protocol, DNS (Domain name System, domain name resolution system) protocol. Pakali pano, Haidwiwei makamaka amapereka wosanjikiza maukonde ndi kufala wosanjikiza zipangizo, monga: onse kuwalakusintha, SFP Optical module, GPONOLT, GPONONUmndandanda, monga zikuwonetsedwa mu chithunzi chotsatirachi:
18.ONU+STB Gateway Box, Epulo 7, 2022
Pakadali pano, ngati chida chogwiritsa ntchito,ONUndi chipangizo chosiyana chosiyana ndi bokosi la digito la TV. Imalumikizidwa ku dongosolo la bokosi la set-top kudzera mu mawonekedwe a ogwiritsa ntchitoONUmu dongosolo la EPON. Pamene m'badwo wotsatira wa kufala maukonde akufotokozera kuti FTTH, banja lililonse ayenera awiri osachiritsika zipangizo, mmodzi anapereka-pamwamba bokosi ndi mmodzi.ONU, zomwe zidzawononge malo ogwiritsira ntchito ndikuwonjezera kuchuluka kwa ogwiritsa ntchito. Panthawi imeneyi, 9602CONU+ Ukadaulo wazinthu za STB wakhala cholinga chamakampani. Pophatikiza ntchito zaONUmu bokosi lokhazikitsira pamwamba, ntchito ya seti-pamwamba bokosi idzakhala yamphamvu kwambiri, kuthamanga kwa data kudzakhala kofulumira, ndipo chiyembekezo cha ntchito chidzakhala chachikulu.
Pakadali pano, chitukuko cha IPTV chimayang'anizana kwambiri ndi luso laukadaulo la momwe mungadulire malire a Broadband, komanso tanthauzo lenileni la kulowa kwa ma telecommunication optical fiber mnyumba. The 10G-PON access Optical network sangangolola ogwiritsa ntchito kumvera ndikuwonera mapulogalamu owoneka bwino komanso odabwitsa omvera monga HD, UHD, 3D, komanso amapatsa ogwiritsa ntchito ntchito zamphamvu zapaintaneti monga chithandizo chamankhwala pa intaneti, pa intaneti. kuphunzitsa, malonda a pa intaneti, macheza amawu, kulankhulana pavidiyo, ndi zina zotero, Ikhoza kugwira ntchito yosamalira nyumba m'nyumba ya wogwiritsa ntchito, kupatsa ogwiritsa ntchito chitetezo chabwino kwambiri cha kunyumba, intaneti yapanyumba ya Zinthu ndi ntchito zina zapakhomo. Pofuna kuthetsa mavuto omwe ali pamwambawa, Shenzhen Haidwiwei Optoelectronic Technology Co., Ltd. anakonza "9602CONU+ STB” Ntchito ya R&D. Pazifukwa izi, zimaperekedwa pakukweza luso, kufufuza chithandizo chamakono chamakono komanso chapamwamba kwambiri, ndikufufuza zida zatsopano komanso zoyenera zenizeni zamagulu ambiri.
19. MINI SquareONU
ApanoONUzida zimapangidwa makamaka ndiONUchip, BOSA (Bi-direction Optical Subassembly) bidirectional optical transceiver module, module power, board board yosindikizidwa ndi chipolopolo choteteza; TheONUchip, gawo la kuwala ndi gawo la mphamvu zimayikidwa pa bolodi losindikizidwa; Mapeto ake a BOSA ndi cholumikizira chokhala ndi pigtail, chomwe chimakhazikika pa bolodi losindikizidwa ndipo chimagwiritsidwa ntchito polumikizira ndi cholumikizira cha fiber optical kuchokera pa optical line terminal.OLT; Mapeto ena a BOSA amalumikizidwanso ndi bolodi la PCB; Kapangidwe kameneka kumabweretsa kuchuluka kwakukulu kwa zonseONUmankhwala, amatenga malo ndipo sikophweka kukhazikitsa, ndipo n'zovuta kusiya thireyi kuwala CHIKWANGWANI. Padzakhala nthawi zonse gawo la optical fiber poyera, lomwe liri pachiwopsezo kwambiri ku zovuta zingapo monga kusweka kwa ulusi ndi kulephera kwa kutembenuka kwa ma sign chifukwa cha mphamvu zakunja. Kuti muthetse mavuto omwe ali pamwambawa, "MINIONUsquare” ntchito yofufuza ndi chitukuko idakhazikitsidwa. Pazifukwa izi, kukonza kwaukadaulo kunachitika, chithandizo chaukadaulo chaukadaulo chapamwamba komanso chapamwamba chidaphunziridwa, ndipo zida zatsopano komanso zoyenera zenizeni zidafufuzidwa. Shenzhen Haidwiwei Optoelectronics amapereka mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya GPONONU/WIFIONU/ODM, yopereka chithandizo choyimitsa kamodzi kwa makasitomala amtunduwu.
20. MINI Transceiver
The chikhalidwe kuwala CHIKWANGWANI transceiver ndi Efaneti kufala media kutembenuka unit amene amasinthanitsa mtunda waufupi wokhota zizindikiro magetsi awiri ndi mtunda wautali kuwala chizindikiro, amene amatambasula kugwirizana mtunda wa Efaneti ndi kuswa malire a mtunda wa mamita 100 ntchito zopotoka awiri awiri. Ma transceivers opangira ma fiber nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito m'malo enieni amtaneti pomwe chingwe cha Ethernet sichingathe kuphimba ndipo ulusi wa kuwala uyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito kukulitsa mtunda wotumizira, ndipo nthawi zambiri amayikidwa munjira yofikira pa intaneti ya Broadband metropolitan area. Nthawi zambiri, mawonekedwe amagetsi a optical fiber transceiver pamsika amalumikizidwa mwachindunji ndi chip chachikulu. Pakachitika kusintha kwadzidzidzi kwa magetsi olowera kapena apano, kuchuluka kwa kufalikira ndi mtundu kumakhudzidwa, ndipo chip chachikulu chidzawonongeka mosavuta. Pofuna kuthetsa mavuto omwe ali pamwambawa, polojekiti ya R&D ya "IC + 175 MINI transceiver" ikukonzedwa: kukonza ukadaulo, kuphunzira zaukadaulo wapamwamba kwambiri komanso luso lapamwamba kwambiri, ndikuphunzira zida zatsopano komanso zoyenereradi pa intaneti kwa ambiri. a magulu. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, kampani yathu imafuna dipatimenti ya zachuma kuti ikhazikitse akaunti yodziyimira payokha pa kafukufuku ndi chitukuko cha polojekitiyi, ndipo ndalamazo zimayang'aniridwa ndi kasamalidwe kapadera ka thumba. Dipatimenti yaukadaulo iyenera kulimbikitsa kasamalidwe ka projekiti, ndipo madipatimenti ena a kampaniyo azipereka thandizo ndi mgwirizano malinga ndi zomwe gulu la polojekiti ya R&D likufuna kuwonetsetsa kuti ntchitoyo ikukwaniritsidwa bwino komanso kumaliza ntchitoyo. Shenzhen Haidwiwei Optoelectronic Technology Co., Ltdkusinthandi ntchito za ODM
21. Mphamvu ya POE nano transceiver
Pachizoloŵezi chokhazikitsa ma waya opangira ma fiber, zida zosinthira ma photoelectric ziyenera kukhazikitsidwa, pomwe zida zosinthira zithunzi zomwe zilipo zimagwiritsa ntchito njira imodzi yamagetsi, ndiko kuti, kupeza mphamvu zogwirira ntchito kuchokera ku zida zina zamagetsi kuti zisunge bata. Komabe, pamene doko logulitsira mphamvu la zida zosinthira photoelectric likulephera, kapena chipani chamagetsi chikulephera, zipangizo zosinthira zithunzi sizidzagwira ntchito bwino, motero zimakhudza kwambiri ntchito yogwira ntchito. Pofuna kuthetsa mavuto omwe ali pamwambawa, pulojekiti ya "IC + nano PD POE transceiver" ya R&D ikuperekedwa: kukonza ukadaulo, kuphunzira zaukadaulo wapamwamba kwambiri komanso luso lapamwamba kwambiri, ndikuphunzira zida zatsopano komanso zoyenera zogwirira ntchito pa intaneti. magulu ambiri. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, kampani yathu imafuna dipatimenti ya zachuma kuti ikhazikitse akaunti yodziyimira payokha pa kafukufuku ndi chitukuko cha polojekitiyi, ndipo ndalamazo zimayang'aniridwa ndi kasamalidwe kapadera ka thumba. Dipatimenti yaukadaulo iyenera kulimbikitsa kasamalidwe ka projekiti, ndipo madipatimenti ena a kampaniyo azipereka thandizo ndi mgwirizano malinga ndi zomwe gulu la polojekiti ya R&D likufuna kuwonetsetsa kuti ntchitoyo ikukwaniritsidwa bwino komanso kumaliza ntchitoyo.
22. Optical Network UnitONU
OLT: optical line terminal, yomwe imayang'anira zida zingapo zama terminal (ONUs). Komanso ndi chipangizo pa khomo lakunja maukonde khomo ndi mkati maukonde pakhomo. Udindo: perekani mawonekedwe am'mbali mwa netiweki pamaneti owoneka bwino komanso kulumikizana nawoONUkumbali ya ogwiritsa ntchito imodzi kapena zingapo za ODN. Mgwirizano wapakatiOLTndiONUndi kulankhulana kwa mbuye ndi kapolo. ODN: network yogawa kuwala, yomwe imadziwika kuti Optical splitter. Chizindikiro cha njira ya kuwala kwa mzere wa thunthu chimagawidwa ku zida pazigawo zingapo (ONUs). Udindo: Amapereka njira zotumizira mawonedwe pakatiOLTndiONU. Ntchito yake yayikulu ndikumaliza ntchito yamagetsi owoneka bwino. ODN ndi netiweki yogawa yamagetsi yopangidwa ndi zinthu zopanda kuwala (monga fiber optical ndi chingwe, cholumikizira cholumikizira ndi chogawa chamagetsi).ONU: unit kuwala network; Kawirikawiri, imatha kumveka ngati nyumbarautaor kusintha. Kusiyanitsa kwakukulu pakati pa zida zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito muukonde wamba wopotoka ndikuti pali doko lowonjezera lamagetsi. Ntchito: Imapereka mawonekedwe akutali ogwiritsira ntchito pa intaneti ya optical access, yomwe ili kumbali ya ogwiritsa ntchito ODN. OAN ndi netiweki yofikira pogwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo wa optical fiber transmission, ndiko kuti, njira yolankhulirana pakati pa ofesi yosinthira yakwanuko ndi ogwiritsa ntchito omwe amagwiritsa ntchito ma fiber optical transmission athunthu kapena mbali yake. Optical access network imatha kugawidwa kukhala passive optical network (PON) ndi active Optical network (AON). Poyerekeza ndi mitundu iwiriyi ya ma network optical, chitukuko cha passive optical network chidzakhala chachangu potengera mtengo. Malinga ndi malo enieni aONUmu maukonde kuwala mwayi, OAN akhoza kugawidwa m'magulu angapo makamaka osiyana ntchito: 1) kuwala CHIKWANGWANI kuti mphambano bokosi (FTTCab) 2) CHIKWANGWANI kuwala kwa msewu (FTTCub) 3) CHIKWANGWANI kuwala kuti nyumba (FTTB) 4) CHIKWANGWANI kuwala kuti kunyumba (FTTH) ndi kuwala kwa ulusi ku ofesi (FTTO) PON luso: PON ndi single-fiber awiri njira kuwala kupeza netiweki ndi mfundo-to-multipoint (P2MP) dongosolo, ndipo mmene topology yake ndi mtundu mtengo
23. Momwe mungasiyanitsire maukonde owoneka bwinoOLTndiONU
Ndi chiyaniOLT?
Dzina lonse laOLTndi Optical Line Terminal.OLTndi optical line terminal, yomwe ndi zida zomaliza zamaofesi zamatelefoni. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito kulumikiza mizere ya thunthu la optical fiber. Zimakhala ngati akusinthaor rautamu chikhalidwe kulankhulana maukonde, ndipo ndi chipangizo pa khomo la maukonde kunja ndi khomo la maukonde mkati. Pamapeto pa ofesi, ntchito zofunika kwambiri zogwirira ntchito ndikukonza magalimoto, kuwongolera ma buffer, ndi mawonekedwe a passive optical network ndi kugawa kwa bandwidth. Mwachidule, ndikuzindikira ntchito ziwiri: kufikira kumtunda kwa netiweki ya PON; Kwa kutsika, zomwe zapezedwa zidzatumizidwa ndikugawidwa kwa onseONUzida zogwiritsa ntchito kudzera pa netiweki ya ODN.
Ndi chiyaniONU?
ONUndi gawo la optical network.ONUali ndi ntchito ziwiri: kusankha kulandira kuwulutsa kotumizidwa ndiOLT, ndi kulandira ndi kuyankha kuOLTngati ikufunika kulandira deta; Sungani ndikusunga data ya Ethernet yomwe ogwiritsa ntchito akuyenera kutumiza, ndikutumiza zomwe zasungidwa kuOLTterminal malinga ndi zenera lotumizira lomwe laperekedwa.
Mu netiweki ya FTTx (dinani apa kuti muphunzire mwachangu za FTTx), njira zosiyanasiyana zotumizira zaONUkupezanso kumasiyana, mwachitsanzo, FTTC (Fiber To The Curb):ONUimayikidwa mu chipinda chapakati cha makompyuta cha selo; FTTB (Fiber Kumanga):ONUimayikidwa mu bokosi lolumikizirana la korido; FTTH (Fiber Kunyumba):ONUimayikidwa mwa wogwiritsa ntchito kunyumba.
24. Za Momwe Mungagwiritsire Ntchito Gigabit Optical Modules ndi Kusintha
Momwe mungagwirizanitse ma module a kuwala ndi ma switch nthawi zonse akhala akutentha kwambiri pamakampani. Kugwirizana pakati pa zosintha ndi ma modules optical sikungotsimikizira ngati angagwiritsidwe ntchito kawirikawiri pambuyo pa kugwirizana, komanso zimakhudza ngati dongosolo la intaneti likhoza kukwezedwa ndi mtengo wotsika komanso wopambana kwambiri pamapeto pake. Choncho, HDV idzayang'ana momwe mungagwiritsire ntchito ma gigabit optical modules ndi ma switch. Za kukusintha, doko la kuwala kwa chimangokusinthanthawi zambiri amatha kuthandizira kugwiritsa ntchito gigabit optical module pa 10-gigabit optical port, komanso kugwiritsa ntchito gawo la 100-gigabit optical mawonekedwe a gigabit, ndiko kuti, kuthamanga pansi. Komabe, doko la uplink Optical la bokosilokusinthasichigwirizana ndi kuchepetsa kuthamanga pamwamba, ndipo downlink Optical port ikhoza kuthandizira kuchepetsa kuthamanga pamwamba pazikhalidwe zabwino. Komabe, sizimalimbikitsidwa kuchepetsa kuthamanga kwa doko la kuwala. Chifukwa chake, gigabit Optical module ndi gigabitkusinthandi kusankha bwino.
Gigabit optical module imachokera ku zochitika zosiyanasiyana zogwiritsira ntchito: kuyankhulana kwa deta, zogwiritsira ntchito chipinda cha makompyuta, malo opangira deta, kuyang'anira chitetezo, ndi kulamulira mafakitale.
25. ZathuOLTZida
OLTndi optical line terminal. NdiOLTdongosolo kasamalidwe maukonde zochokera CLI, WEB ndi NMS, amene ntchito kulumikiza zida terminal kuwala CHIKWANGWANI thunthu. Kutengera dongosolo lamalingaliro la EPON system,OLTamamvetsetsa mfundo yake yogwirira ntchito, amasanthula zofunikira zamalonda za optical line terminals, amasiyanitsa ma modules akuluakulu ogwira ntchito, ndikukambirana ntchito za gawo lililonse la dongosolo la EPON. Ubwino waOLTndi kukula ang'onoang'ono, zipangizo zosavuta, otsika unsembe ndi kukonza ndalama, ndi ndalama zochepa. Zida za Passive Optical zimasinthasintha pamanetiweki, ndipo topology yake imatha kuthandizira mitengo, nyenyezi, mabasi, hybrid, redundant ndi maukonde ena. Yosavuta kuyiyika, ili ndi mitundu yamkati ndi yakunja. Maonekedwe ake akunja akhoza kupachikidwa mwachindunji pakhoma kapena kuikidwa pamtengo "H", popanda kubwereka kapena kumanga chipinda cha makina. Komabe, makina ogwiritsira ntchito amafunika kutembenuka kwa photoelectric ndi electro-optical, ndipo mtengo wopangira zida ndi wapamwamba. Iyenera kugwiritsa ntchito malo apadera ndi zipinda zamakina. Vuto lamagetsi akutali ndizovuta kuthetsa, ndipo ntchito yokonza tsiku ndi tsiku ndi yayikulu. Passive Optical network ndiyoyenera kulumikizana ndi point-to-multipoint. Optical splitter okha ndi omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuzindikira kugawa kwamagetsi. Passive Optical network ndi netiweki yoyera, yomwe imapewa kusokonezedwa ndi ma elekitiroma ndi mphezi, ndipo ndiyoyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito m'malo omwe ali ndi chilengedwe choyipa. Kuchokera pamalingaliro a chitukuko chaukadaulo, kukulitsa kwa passive optical network ndikosavuta, ndipo sikuphatikiza kusintha kwa zida. Kukweza kwa zida zokha ndikofunikira. Zida za Hardware zimagulidwa kamodzi ndikugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa nthawi yayitali, zomwe zimayika maziko a fiber optical kulowa mnyumba ndikuwonetsetsa kuti ogwiritsa ntchito agulitsa ndalama.
