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Ulusi wa Optical ndi njira zamawaya zomwe zimatumiza ma sign a kuwala. Timatchula zizindikiro zamagetsi zosafunikira mumsewu ngati phokoso. Phokoso mu njira yolankhulirana limayikidwa pamwamba pa chizindikirocho, ndipo palinso phokoso mu njira yolankhulirana pamene palibe chizindikiro chotumizira, ...

Njirayi imagwirizanitsa chipangizo choyankhulirana cha mapeto otumizira ndi mapeto olandira, ndipo ntchito yake ndi kutumiza chizindikiro kuchokera kumapeto kwa kutumiza mpaka kumapeto. Malinga ndi njira zosiyanasiyana zopatsirana, mayendedwe amatha kugawidwa m'magulu awiri: mawayilesi opanda zingwe ndi mawaya ...

1. Zogawidwa ndi ntchito zoyankhulirana Malingana ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mautumiki oyankhulana, njira zoyankhulirana zikhoza kugawidwa m'machitidwe olankhulana ndi telegraph, njira zoyankhulirana ndi telefoni, njira zoyankhulirana za data, machitidwe oyankhulana ndi zithunzi, ndi zina zotero.

(1) Gwero zokhotakhota ndi decoding Ntchito ziwiri zofunika: imodzi ndikuwongolera magwiridwe antchito a kufalitsa chidziwitso, ndiko kuti, kudzera muukadaulo wina waukadaulo wokhotakhota kuyesa kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa zizindikiro kuti muchepetse kuchuluka kwa chizindikiro. Chachiwiri ndikumaliza analog/digital (A/D) con...

Zonse ziwiri za chizindikiro ndi phokoso mukulankhulana zitha kuonedwa ngati njira zachisawawa zomwe zimasintha ndi nthawi. Njira yachisawawa imakhala ndi mawonekedwe osinthika mwachisawawa komanso magwiridwe antchito a nthawi, omwe amatha kufotokozedwa kuchokera kumitundu iwiri yosiyana koma yogwirizana kwambiri: (1) Njira yachisawawa i...

Njira yolankhulirana imatanthawuza njira yogwirira ntchito kapena njira yotumizira zizindikiro pakati pa magulu awiri olankhulana. 1. Kuyankhulana kwa Simplex, half-duplex, ndi full-duplex Kwa kulankhulana molunjika, molingana ndi malangizo ndi nthawi yotumizira uthenga, ...