Umuyoboro wa terefone gakondo nijwi ukoresheje guhanahana amakuru, umurongo mugari ukenewe wa 64kbit / s. Ibyo bita VoIP numuyoboro wa IP packet yo guhanahana amakuru nkurubuga rwohereza, kwigana amajwi yerekana amajwi, guhunika hamwe nuruhererekane rwihariye rwo gutunganya, kugirango rushobore gukoresha protocole ya UDP idafitanye isano no kohereza.
Ibintu byinshi nibikorwa birasabwa kohereza ibimenyetso byijwi kumurongo wa IP. Uburyo bworoshye bwurusobe rugizwe nibikoresho bibiri cyangwa byinshi bifite ubushobozi bwa VoIP bihujwe binyuze kumurongo wa IP.
1. Guhindura amajwi-Guhindura amakuru
Ikimenyetso cyijwi nikigereranyo cyerekana, binyuze muri IP kugirango wohereze amajwi, yaba ubucuruzi bwigihe-busanzwe cyangwa ubucuruzi bwigihe-busanzwe, ubanza kumvikanisha amajwi yerekana amakuru ahinduranya amakuru, aribyo kugereranya amajwi 8 cyangwa 6, hanyuma byoherezwa mububiko bwa buffer. , ingano ya buffer irashobora gutoranywa ukurikije ibisabwa byo gutinda na code. Kode nyinshi zo hasi ya kodegisi yashizwe mumurongo.
Uburebure bwikadiri busanzwe buri hagati ya 10 na 30 ms. Urebye ibiciro mugihe cyo kohereza, paki zindimi zisanzwe zigizwe na 60, 120, cyangwa 240m yamakuru yimvugo. Gukoresha imibare bishobora gushyirwa mubikorwa ukoresheje uburyo butandukanye bwo gukoresha amajwi, kandi ibipimo byerekana amajwi biriho ubu ni ITU-T G.711. Ijwi rya kodegisi yijwi ryerekanwe rigomba gushyira mubikorwa algorithm imwe kugirango igikoresho cyo kuvuga aho kigana gishobora kugarura ibimenyetso bisa.
2.Ibisobanuro bifatika-kuri-IP
Ikimenyetso cyo kuvuga kimaze kwandikwa muburyo bwa digitale, intambwe ikurikira ni uguhagarika kodegisi ya paki yamagambo hamwe nuburebure bwihariye. Byinshi muri kodegisi bifite uburebure bwihariye. Niba kodegisi ikoresha amakadiri ya 15ms, pake ya 60ms kuva kumwanya wambere igabanijwemo ibice bine kandi ikurikirana muburyo bukurikiranye. Buri cyiciro gifite imvugo 120 yerekana urugero (urugero rwa 8kHz). Nyuma yo gushishoza, amakadiri ane yafunzwe yashizwemo mumagambo acecetse hanyuma yoherezwa kumurongo. Umuyoboro utunganya urusobe wongeyeho Baotou, igipimo cyigihe, nandi makuru kumajwi akayanyuza kurundi ruhande binyuze mumurongo.
Urusobe rw'imvugo rushyiraho gusa isano ifatika hagati y'itumanaho (umurongo umwe) kandi ikohereza ibimenyetso byashyizweho hagati yimpera. Bitandukanye numuyoboro uhinduranya imiyoboro, imiyoboro ya IP ntabwo ikora ihuza. Irasaba ko amakuru ashyirwa mumahinduka maremare yamakuru cyangwa paki, hanyuma adresse no kugenzura amakuru kuri buri gishushanyo no koherezwa kumurongo, woherejwe aho ujya.
3.Kwimura
Muri uyu muyoboro, umuyoboro wose ufatwa nkipaki yijwi yakiriwe mubyinjijwe hanyuma ikoherezwa kumurongo usohoka mugihe runaka (t). T irashobora gutandukana murwego rwuzuye, ikerekana jitter mugukwirakwiza imiyoboro.
Ipfundo rimwe murusobe rugenzura amakuru ya aderesi ajyanye na buri data ya IP kandi ikoresha aya makuru kugirango wohereze iyo mibare kumurongo ukurikira kumuhanda ugana. Umuyoboro uhuza urashobora kuba topologiya cyangwa uburyo bwo kugera bushyigikira amakuru ya IP.
4.Ipaki ya IP- -guhindura amakuru
Icyerekezo VoIP igikoresho cyakira aya makuru ya IP igatangira gutunganywa. Urwego rwurusobe rutanga impinduka ndende ikoreshwa mugutunganya jitter yakozwe numuyoboro. Buffer irashobora kwakira amajwi menshi, kandi abayikoresha barashobora guhitamo ubunini bwa buffer. Utubuto duto dutanga ubukererwe buke, ariko ntugenga jitter nini. Icya kabiri, decoder idacomeka kodegisi yamagambo kugirango ikore imvugo nshya, kandi iyi module irashobora kandi gukora kumurongo, uburebure buringaniye na decoder.
Niba uburebure bwikadiri ari 15ms, 60ms yamajwi yamapaki agabanijwemo ibice 4, hanyuma bigasubizwa inyuma kugeza kuri 60m amajwi yamakuru yoherejwe hanyuma byoherezwa kuri decoding buffer. Mugihe cyo gutunganya amakuru yamakuru, aderesi namakuru yo kugenzura bivanwaho, amakuru yumwimerere aragumana, kandi aya makuru yumwimerere noneho ahabwa decoder.
5.Imvugo nyamukuru yahinduwe imvugo isa
Ikinyabiziga cyo gukinisha gikuraho amajwi yintangarugero (480) muri buffer hanyuma ikohereza ku ikarita yijwi ukoresheje disikuru kuri radiyo yagenwe mbere (urugero 8kHz). Muri make, ihererekanyabubasha ryibimenyetso byijwi kumurongo wa IP rinyura muguhindura kuva mubimenyetso bisa kugera kubimenyetso bya digitale, gupakira amajwi ya digitale mumapaki ya IP, guhererekanya ipaki ya IP binyuze murusobe, gupakira IP gupakira no kugarura ijwi rya digitale kubigereranya ikimenyetso.
Icya kabiri, ibipimo bya tekinike bijyanye na VoIP
Kuri porogaramu zikoresha interineti zikoresha imiyoboro ihari, Itumanaho mpuzamahanga (ITU-T) ryateguye protocole y'itumanaho rya H.32x Multimedia, amahame y'ingenzi akurikira kugirango asobanurwe byoroshye:
H.320, Igipimo cyitumanaho rya multimediya kuri sisitemu ya terefone igendanwa ya terefone na terefone (N-ISDN);
H.321, Igipimo cyitumanaho rya multimediya kuri B-ISDN;
H.322. Igipimo cyitumanaho rya multimediya kuri LAN byemejwe na QoS;
H.323. Igipimo cyitumanaho rya multimediya kumurongo woguhindura paki nta garanti ya QoS;
H.324, igipimo cyitumanaho rya multimediya kumurongo muto wo gutumanaho (PSTN numuyoboro udafite umugozi).
Mu bipimo byavuzwe haruguru, H. Imiyoboro 323 isobanuwe neza ni yo ikoreshwa cyane, nka Ethernet, Umuyoboro wa Token, Umuyoboro wa FDDI, n'ibindi kubera H. H. Gukoresha ibipimo 323 bisanzwe byahindutse ahantu hashyushye ku isoko, hepfo rero tuzibanda kuri H.323。H.323 Ibice bine byingenzi byasobanuwe mubyifuzo: terminal, amarembo, software yo gucunga amarembo (bizwi kandi nk'irembo cyangwa irembo), hamwe nigice cyo kugenzura ingingo nyinshi.
1.Terminal (Terminal)
Terminal zose zigomba gushyigikira itumanaho ryijwi, kandi videwo nubushobozi bwo gutumanaho amakuru nubushake.byose H.Terefone 323 igomba kandi gushyigikira Standard ya H.245, H.245 Igipimo gikoreshwa mugucunga imikoreshereze yumurongo nimikorere.H. .33 .. .723.1G. G.723.1。
2.Irembo (Irembo)
Ubu ni bwo buryo bwa H.Uburyo bwa sisitemu 323. Irembo rishobora guhindura protocole, amajwi, amashusho yerekana amashusho ya algorithm hamwe nibimenyetso byo kugenzura bikoreshwa na sisitemu zitandukanye kugirango habeho itumanaho rya sisitemu. Nkuko PSTN ishingiye kuri Sisitemu ya H.324 n'umuyoboro mugari. ISDN ishingiye kuri H. Sisitemu 320 na H.323 Kugirango itumanaho rya sisitemu, birakenewe gushiraho amarembo;
3.Kumenyekanisha kubika (Umuzamu)
Iyi ni H.Ibice bigize sisitemu ya 323 ni software yo kurangiza imirimo yo kuyobora.Ifite imirimo ibiri yingenzi: iyambere ni iy'ubuyobozi bwa H.323; icya kabiri nubuyobozi bwitumanaho rya terefone binyuze mumarembo (nko guhamagarwa guhamagarwa, kuvanaho, nibindi.) .Abayobozi barashobora gukora adresse ya adresse, kugenzura umurongo mugari, guhamagarira kwemeza, gufata amajwi, kwandikisha abakoresha, gucunga imiyoboro yitumanaho nibindi bikorwa binyuze muri gasutamo. kubika.umuntu H.323 Urubuga rwitumanaho rushobora kugira amarembo menshi, ariko irembo rimwe gusa rirakora.
4.Ikigo gishinzwe kugenzura ibintu byinshi (Igice cyo kugenzura Multipoint)
MCU ituma itumanaho ryingingo nyinshi kurusobe rwa IP, kandi itumanaho-ry-ingingo ntirisabwa. Sisitemu yose ikora topologiya yinyenyeri binyuze muri MCU. MCU ikubiyemo ibice bibiri byingenzi: kugenzura ibintu byinshi MC hamwe na MP itunganya ibintu byinshi, cyangwa udafite MP.H hagati ya MC itunganyirizwa.245 Kugenzura amakuru kugirango yubake izina rusange rya rubanda ryo gutunganya amajwi n'amashusho.MC ntabwo itunganya neza amakuru yose yibitangazamakuru, ariko ikabisigira MP.Umudepite avanga, ahindura, kandi atunganya amajwi , videwo, cyangwa amakuru yamakuru.
Mu nganda hari imyubakire ibiri ibangikanye, imwe ni ITU-T H yatangijwe hejuru.323 Porotokole ni SIP protocole (RFC2543) yatanzwe na Task Force ya Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF), kandi protocole ya SIP irakwiriye kubutumwa bwubwenge.
Icya gatatu, imbaraga ziterambere rya VoIP
Ikoreshwa ryinshi rya VoIP rizasohora vuba kubera ibyuma byinshi, software, iterambere rijyanye niterambere hamwe niterambere ryikoranabuhanga muri protocole hamwe nibipimo.Iterambere ryikoranabuhanga hamwe niterambere muri izi nzego bigira uruhare runini mugushiraho urusobe rukora neza, rukora kandi rushobora gukorana. Ibintu bya tekinike biteza imbere iterambere ryihuse ndetse no gukoresha cyane VoIP birashobora gukusanyirizwa mubice bikurikira.
1.Umutunganyirize wibimenyetso byingenzi
Iterambere ryibimenyetso bya digitale (Digital Signal Processor, DSP) ikora ibice byibanda cyane kubisabwa bisabwa kugirango amajwi hamwe no guhuza amakuru.DSP itunganya ibimenyetso bya digitale cyane cyane kugirango ibare ibarwa ishobora kuba igomba gukorwa na CPU rusange. Ihuriro ryihariye ryabo. imbaraga zo gutunganya hamwe nigiciro gito bituma DSP ibereye gukora imirimo yo gutunganya ibimenyetso muri sisitemu ya VoIP.
Ijwi rimwe ryumvikana kuri G.729 Igiciro cyo kubara cyo guhagarika amajwi mubisanzwe ni kinini, bisaba 20MIPS. Niba CPU yo hagati isabwa gukora inzira yo kuyobora no kuyobora sisitemu mugihe utunganya amajwi menshi, ibi ntibishoboka. Kubwibyo, gukoresha imwe cyangwa nyinshi DSP irashobora gukuramo imirimo yo kubara ya complexe compression algorithm igoye kuva muri CPU yo hagati. Byongeye kandi, DSP ikwiranye no kumenya ibikorwa byijwi no guhagarika echo, ibemerera gutunganya amakuru yijwi mugihe nyacyo kandi byihuse. mububiko bwibikoresho, so.Muri iki gice, turasobanura uburyo bwo gushyira mubikorwa amajwi ya coding na echo guhagarika kurubuga rwa TMS320C6201DSP.
Porotokole hamwe na software isanzwe hamwe nibyuma H.323 Uburemere buringaniye bwo gutonda umurongo DSP MPLS guhanahana uburemere uburemere bwihuse bwo gutahura hakiri kare ASIC RTP, RTCP dual funnel rusange igipimo cyagateganyo algorithm DWDM RSVP yagereranije uburyo bwihuse SONET Diffserv, CAR Cisco yihuta yohereza CPU gutunganya ingufu G. 729, ଜି.
2.Kuzamura imiyoboro yihariye
Iterambere-Porogaramu yihariye Yuzuzanya (ASIC) iterambere ryatanze umusaruro wihuse, urushijeho gukomera, kandi ukora cyane ASIC.ASIC ni chip yihariye ya progaramu ikora progaramu imwe cyangwa agace gato k'imirimo.Kuko bibanda ku ntego zifatika zo gusaba, zirashobora gutezimbere cyane kubikorwa byihariye, mubisanzwe hamwe nintego-ebyiri CPU imwe cyangwa ibyinshi byubunini byihuse.
Nkuko Thin Instruction yashyizeho chip ya mudasobwa (RSIC) yibanda kubikorwa byihuse byimibare ntarengwa, ASIC irategurwa mbere yo gukora umubare wanyuma wimirimo byihuse.Iterambere rimaze kurangira, ikiguzi cyumusaruro rusange wa ASIC ni gito, kandi kirakoreshwa kubikoresho byurusobe harimoRoutersna switch, gukora imirimo nko kugenzura imbonerahamwe yo kugenzura, itsinda ryohereza imbere, gutondekanya amatsinda no kugenzura, no gutonda umurongo. Gukoresha ASIC biha igikoresho imikorere ihanitse kandi ntigiciro gito.Batanga umurongo mugari wiyongera hamwe na QoS nziza kumurongo, nuko bakina uruhare runini mugutezimbere iterambere rya VoIP.
3.Ikoranabuhanga ryo kohereza
Imiyoboro myinshi y'itumanaho ikoresha itumanaho rigabanya igihe, mugihe interineti igomba kwemeza gukoresha imibare no guhanahana amakuru maremare. Ugereranije, icya nyuma gifite igipimo kinini cyo gukoresha umutungo wurusobe, guhuza byoroshye kandi bifatika, kandi birakoreshwa cyane muri serivisi zamakuru, iyi ikaba ari imwe mu mpamvu zingenzi zituma iterambere ryihuta rya interineti.Nyamara, itumanaho rya interineti ryagutse rya IP risaba QoS no gutinza ibiranga . ni ubwoko bwurusobe rwatoranijwe rushingiye kumurongo utandukanye / ikirango cyo guhanahana amakuru, birashobora kunoza uburyo bwo guhitamo umuhanda, kwagura ubushobozi bwo guhitamo imiyoboro, koroshyaRoutern'umuyoboro wo guhanahana amakuru, kunoza imikorere y'urusobe.MPLS irashobora gukora nka protocole yigenga yigenga, kandi igahuzwa na protocole isanzwe ihari, igashyigikira ibikorwa bitandukanye, imiyoborere no gufata neza imikorere ya neti ya IP, gukora QoS, inzira, kwerekana ibimenyetso byateye imbere cyane, kugera cyangwa hafi yurwego rwibarurishamibare rwongeye gukoresha uburebure burebure bwo gupakira (ATM), kandi byoroshye, bikora neza, bihendutse kandi birakoreshwa kuruta ATM.
IETF nayo irimo gufata neza uburyo bushya bwo guteranya amatsinda, kugirango igere ku guhitamo umuhanda wa QoS. "Ikoranabuhanga rya tunnel" ririmo kwigwa kugira ngo habeho umurongo mugari wo guhuza inzira imwe. Byongeye kandi, uburyo bwo guhitamo urubuga rwohereza imiyoboro ya IP nabwo ni an urwego rwingenzi rwubushakashatsi mumyaka yashize, na IP hejuru ya ATM, IP hejuru ya SDH, IP hejuru ya DWDM nubundi buryo bwikoranabuhanga byagaragaye bikurikiranye.
Igice cya IP gitanga abakoresha IP hamwe na serivise nziza zo kugera kuri IP hamwe na garanti zimwe na zimwe za serivise. Urwego rwumukoresha rutanga urupapuro rwabugenewe (IP igerwaho na Broadband access) hamwe nurupapuro rwibirimo rwa serivise. Muburyo bwibanze, Ethernet, nkigice gifatika cya umuyoboro wa IP, ni ikibazo cyumvikana, ariko IP overDWDM ifite tekinoroji igezweho, kandi ifite amahirwe menshi yiterambere.
Dense Wave Division MultipLexing (DWDM) itera ubuzima bushya mumiyoboro ya fibre kandi itanga umurongo mugari utangaje mumasosiyete y'itumanaho ashyiraho umugongo mushya wa fibre. uburebure bwumucyo (LASER) buva kumurongo umwe wa fibre optique. Sisitemu zubu zirashobora kohereza no kumenya uburebure bwumurongo wa 16, mugihe sisitemu yigihe kizaza ishobora gushyigikira uburebure bwa 40 kugeza kuri 96.Ibi nibyingenzi kuko buri burebure bwumurongo wongeyeho amakuru yinyongera.Ushobora kwagura rero 2.6 Gbit / s (OC-48) inshuro 16 utiriwe ushyira fibre nshya.
Imiyoboro myinshi mishya ya fibre ikoresha OC-192 kuri (9,6 Gbit / s), ikabyara ubushobozi burenga 150 Gbit / s kuri fibre ebyiri iyo ihujwe na DWDM. Byongeye kandi, DWDM itanga protocole yimbere hamwe nibintu byigenga byihuta, kandi ishyigikira ATM zombi , SDH na Gigabit Ethernet yohereza ibimenyetso kuri fibre imwe, ishobora guhuzwa numuyoboro uriho, bityo DWDM irashobora kurinda umutungo uriho, ariko ikanatanga amasosiyete ya ISP hamwe n’itumanaho n’umugongo ukomeye, kandi bigatuma umurongo mugari utabahenze kandi byoroshye, utanga inkunga ikomeye kubisabwa byumurongo wa VoIP ibisubizo.
Igipimo cyiyongera cyogukwirakwiza ntigishobora gutanga gusa umuyoboro wa coarser ufite amahirwe make yo guhagarika, ariko kandi bigabanya gutinda kuri byinshi, bityo birashobora kugabanya cyane ibisabwa QoS kumurongo wa IP.
4.Ikoranabuhanga rya enterineti
Abakoresha bakoresha imiyoboro ya IP byahindutse icyuho kibuza iterambere ryurusobe rwose.Mu gihe kirekire, intego nyamukuru yo kugera kubakoresha ni fibre-to-home (FTTH) .Mu magambo make, umuyoboro wa optique urimo sisitemu yo gutwara ibintu bya optique. numuyoboro wa optique wa optique. Iyambere iri muri Reta zunzubumwe zamerika, ihujwe numunwa ufunguye V5.1 / V5.2, ikwirakwiza sisitemu yayo ihuriweho na fibre optique, yerekana imbaraga zikomeye.
Iyanyuma iri murutonde no mubudage.Mu myaka irenga icumi, Ubuyapani bwafashe ingamba zo kugabanya ikiguzi cyumuyoboro wa optique wa pasitike kugera kurwego rusa ninsinga z'umuringa hamwe nicyuma cyahinduwe, kandi iragikoresha. Cyane cyane mu myaka yashize, ITU yatanze igitekerezo cya ATM ishingiye kuri pasiporo optique (APON), yuzuza ibyiza bya ATM numuyoboro wa optique. Igipimo cyo kwinjira gishobora kugera kuri 622 M bit / s, ifitiye akamaro kanini iterambere rya serivise ya interineti yagutse ya IP, kandi irashobora kugabanya igipimo cyatsinzwe n’umubare w’imitsi, kandi ikagura ubwishingizi. Kugeza ubu, ITU yarangije imirimo isanzwe. , abayikora batera imbere cyane, hazaba ibicuruzwa kumasoko, bizaba icyerekezo nyamukuru cyiterambere ryikoranabuhanga ryogukoresha umurongo mugari wikinyejana cya 21.
Kugeza ubu, tekinoroji yingenzi yo kugeraho ni: PSTN, IADN, ADSL, CM, DDN, X.25 na Ethernet hamwe na sisitemu ya enterineti itagikoreshwa na sisitemu, nibindi. CM (Cable Modem) ikoresha insinga ya coaxial, umuvuduko mwinshi wohereza, ubushobozi bukomeye bwo kurwanya-kwivanga; ariko ntabwo ari inzira ebyiri zoherezwa, ntamahame amwe. ADSL (Asimmetrical Digital Loop) ifite uburyo bwihariye bwo kubona umurongo mugari, ikoresha byimazeyo umuyoboro wa terefone ihari kandi itanga igipimo cyo kohereza asimmetric. Igipimo cyo gukuramo kuruhande rwabakoresha kirashobora kugera kuri 8 Mbit / s, naho igipimo cyo kohereza kuruhande rwabakoresha gishobora kugera kuri 1M bit / s.ADSL itanga umurongo mugari ukenewe kubucuruzi nabakoresha bose, kandi igabanya cyane ibiciro. Ukoresheje ADSL ihendutse. umuzunguruko w'akarere, ibigo ubu bigera kuri interineti na VPN ishingiye kuri interineti ku muvuduko mwinshi, bigatuma ubushobozi bwo guhamagara VoIP burenze.
5.Ikoranabuhanga rya tekinoroji yo gutunganya
Ibice bitunganya hagati (CPU) bikomeje kugenda bihinduka mumikorere, imbaraga, n'umuvuduko.Ibyo bifasha gukoresha cyane PC ya multimediya kandi ikanoza imikorere yimikorere ya sisitemu igarukira ku mbaraga za CPU. Ubushobozi bwa PC bwo gutunganya amakuru yerekana amajwi n'amashusho byateganijwe kuva kera. kubakoresha, bityo rero gutanga amajwi kumiyoboro yamakuru mubisanzwe intego ikurikira.Iyi mikorere yo kubara ituma porogaramu ya desktop ya multimediya igezweho hamwe nibintu byateye imbere mubice byurusobekerane kugirango bishyigikire amajwi.