Iyo ikibaho cyumuzunguruko kigurishijwe, mubisanzwe ntabwo ari ugutanga ingufu kubibaho byumuzunguruko mugihe ugenzura niba ikibaho gishobora gukora bisanzwe. Ahubwo, kurikiza intambwe zikurikira kugirango urebe ko ntakibazo muri buri ntambwe hanyuma imbaraga zidatinze.
Niba guhuza ari byo
Ni ngombwa cyane kugenzura igishushanyo mbonera. Igenzura ryambere ryibanda niba amashanyarazi ya chip hamwe numuyoboro wumuyoboro byanditse neza. Mugihe kimwe, witondere niba imiyoboro y'urusobekerane. Indi ngingo y'ingenzi ni ugupakira umwimerere, ubwoko bwa paki, hamwe na pin itondekanya paki (ibuka: paki ntishobora gukoresha hejuru yo kureba, cyane cyane kubitari pin). Reba neza ko insinga ari zo, zirimo insinga, insinga nke, ninsinga nyinshi.
Mubisanzwe hariho inzira ebyiri zo kugenzura umurongo:
1. Reba imirongo yashizwemo ukurikije igishushanyo mbonera, hanyuma urebe imirongo yashizwemo umwe umwe ukurikije insinga zumuzunguruko.
2. Ukurikije umuzenguruko nyirizina hamwe nigishushanyo mbonera, reba umurongo hamwe nibigize nkikigo. Reba insinga ya buri kintu pin inshuro imwe hanyuma urebe niba buri mwanya ubaho ku gishushanyo mbonera. Kugirango wirinde amakosa, insinga zagenzuwe zigomba gushyirwaho ikimenyetso cyumuzingi. Nibyiza gukoresha icyerekezo multimeter ohm blok buzzer ikizamini kugirango upime neza ibice bigize ibice, kugirango insinga mbi iboneke icyarimwe.
Niba amashanyarazi ari magufi
Ntugashyire ingufu mbere yo gukemura, koresha multimeter kugirango upime inzitizi zinjira mumashanyarazi. Iyi ni intambwe ikenewe! Niba amashanyarazi ari magufi, bizatera amashanyarazi kuzimya cyangwa ingaruka zikomeye. Iyo bigeze kumashanyarazi, 0 ohm résistoriste irashobora gukoreshwa nkuburyo bwo gukemura. Ntugurishe résistor mbere yo gucana. Reba neza ko voltage yumuriro w'amashanyarazi ari ibisanzwe mbere yo kugurisha résistoriste kuri PCB kugirango yongere amashanyarazi inyuma, kugirango udatera chip igice cyinyuma gutwikwa kuko voltage yumuriro w'amashanyarazi idasanzwe. Ongeraho imiyoboro yo gukingira igishushanyo mbonera, nko gukoresha fus yo kugarura nibindi bice.
Kwinjiza ibice
Ahanini usuzume niba ibice bigize polar, nka diode itanga urumuri, capacitori ya electrolytike, diode ikosora, nibindi, hamwe na pin ya triode ihuye. Kuri triode, pin itondekanya yinganda zitandukanye zifite imikorere imwe nayo iratandukanye, nibyiza kugerageza hamwe na multimeter.
Fungura ikizamini kigufi ubanze urebe ko ntihazabaho umuzunguruko mugufi nyuma yamashanyarazi. Niba amanota yikizamini yashyizweho, urashobora gukora byinshi hamwe na bike. Gukoresha 0 ohm résistoriste rimwe na rimwe ni ingirakamaro mugupima umuvuduko mwinshi. Ikizamini cya power-on gishobora gutangira gusa nyuma yibizamini byavuzwe haruguru mbere yuko amashanyarazi arangira.
Kumenya imbaraga
1. Imbaraga zo kwitegereza:
Ntukihutire gupima ibipimo by'amashanyarazi nyuma yo gukongoka, ariko urebe niba hari ibintu bidasanzwe mumuzunguruko, nko kumenya niba hari umwotsi, impumuro idasanzwe, kora kuri pake yo hanze yumuzunguruko uhuriweho, niba ishyushye, nibindi Niba hari ibintu bidasanzwe, uzimye amashanyarazi ako kanya, hanyuma imbaraga hanyuma nyuma yo gukemura ibibazo.
2. Gukemura ibibazo:
Gukemura ibibazo bihagaze muri rusange bivuga ikizamini cya DC cyakozwe nta kimenyetso cyinjiza cyangwa ikimenyetso gihamye gusa. Multimeter irashobora gukoreshwa mugupima ubushobozi bwa buri ngingo muruziga. Mugereranije nigereranya rya theoretical, ihame ryumuzenguruko Gusesengura no gusuzuma niba imikorere ya DC yumuzunguruko ari ibisanzwe, hanyuma umenye mugihe ibice bigize umuzunguruko byangiritse cyangwa mubikorwa bikomeye. Mugusimbuza igikoresho cyangwa guhindura ibipimo byumuzunguruko, DC imikorere yumuzunguruko yujuje ibyangombwa bisabwa.
3. Gukemura ibibazo:
Dynamic debugging ikorwa hashingiwe kumurongo uhoraho. Ibimenyetso bikwiye byongewe kumurongo wanyuma wumuzunguruko, kandi ibimenyetso bisohoka bya buri kizamini cyerekanwe bikurikiranye ukurikije uko ibimenyetso byinjira. Niba habonetse ibintu bidasanzwe, impamvu zigomba gusesengurwa kandi amakosa agomba kuvaho. , Hanyuma hanyuma usubize kugeza yujuje ibisabwa.
Mugihe c'ikizamini, ntushobora kubyumva wenyine. Ugomba buri gihe kwitegereza ukoresheje igikoresho. Iyo ukoresheje oscilloscope, nibyiza gushiraho uburyo bwo kwinjiza ibimenyetso bya oscilloscope kuri blok ya “DC”. Binyuze muburyo bwa DC bwo guhuza, urashobora kwitegereza ibice bya AC na DC byerekana ibimenyetso byapimwe icyarimwe. Nyuma yo gukemura, amaherezo urebe niba ibipimo bitandukanye byerekana imikorere yimashini hamwe na mashini yose (nka amplitude yerekana ibimenyetso, imiterere yumurongo, imiterere yicyiciro, inyungu, impedance yinjira nibisohoka, nibindi) byujuje ibyangombwa bisabwa. Nibiba ngombwa, ongera utange ibipimo byumuzunguruko Byumvikana gukosorwa.
Indi mirimo mugukemura ibibazo bya elegitoroniki
1. Kugena amanota y'ibizamini:
Ukurikije ihame ryakazi rya sisitemu igomba guhindurwa, hashyizweho ingamba zo gutangiza nuburyo bwo gupima, amanota yikizamini agenwa, imyanya igaragazwa ku bishushanyo no ku mbaho, kandi hakorwa impapuro zerekana amakuru.
2. Shiraho ikibazo cyo gukemura ikibazo:
Ikibanza cyakazi gifite ibikoresho bisabwa byo gukemura, kandi ibikoresho bigomba kuba byoroshye gukora kandi byoroshye kubireba. Icyitonderwa cyihariye: Mugihe ukora no gukemura, menya neza ko utegura intebe yakazi isukuye kandi ifite isuku.
3. Hitamo igikoresho cyo gupima:
Kubyuma byumuzunguruko, sisitemu yo gupima igomba kuba igikoresho cyo gupima cyatoranijwe, kandi ukuri kwibikoresho bipima bigomba kuba byiza kuruta sisitemu iri kugeragezwa; kuri software ikemura, microcomputer nibikoresho byiterambere bigomba kuba bifite ibikoresho.
4. Gukemura ikibazo:
Ikurikiranyabihe ryikurikiranya ryumurongo wa elegitoronike muri rusange bikorwa ukurikije icyerekezo cyerekana ibimenyetso. Ibisohoka bisohoka byumuzunguruko byabanje gukoreshwa nkikimenyetso cyo kwinjiza icyiciro gikurikiraho kugirango habeho ibisabwa kugirango uhindurwe bwa nyuma.
5. Gukoresha muri rusange:
Kumuzunguruko wa digitale washyizwe mubikorwa ukoresheje ibikoresho byifashishwa bya logique, kwinjiza, gukemura, no gukuramo amadosiye yinkomoko yibikoresho byifashishwa bya logique bigomba kurangira, kandi ibikoresho bya logic programme hamwe na analogi bigomba guhuzwa muri sisitemu yo gukemura ibibazo no gupima ibisubizo.
Icyitonderwa mugukemura ibibazo byumuzunguruko
Niba ibisubizo byo gukemura ari ukuri bigira ingaruka cyane kubwukuri bwikizamini hamwe nukuri. Kugirango yemeze ibisubizo byikizamini, birakenewe kugabanya ikosa ryikizamini no kunoza neza ikizamini. Kugira ngo ubigereho, nyamuneka witondere ingingo zikurikira:
1. Koresha ubutaka bwubutaka bwikizamini neza. Koresha ikibazo-cyo kurangiza ibikoresho bya elegitoronike kugirango ugerageze. Ubutaka bwubutaka bugomba guhuzwa nubutaka bwa amplifier. Bitabaye ibyo, kwivanga kwatangijwe nigikoresho cyibikoresho ntabwo bizahindura gusa imikorere yimikorere ya amplifier, ahubwo bizanatera amakosa mubisubizo byikizamini. . Ukurikije iri hame, mugihe ucyemura imiyoboro ya emitter ibogamye, niba ari ngombwa kugerageza Vce, impande zombi zigikoresho ntizigomba guhuzwa neza nuwakusanyije hamwe na emitter, ariko Vc na Ve bigomba gupimwa kubutaka, kandi hanyuma bibiri Bito. Niba ukoresheje bateri yumye ikoreshwa na multimeter kugirango ugerageze, ibyuma bibiri byinjira muri metero bireremba, kuburyo ushobora guhuza bitaziguye hagati yikizamini.
2. Kwinjiza inzitizi yibikoresho bikoreshwa mugupima voltage bigomba kuba binini cyane kuruta impedance ihwanye nahantu hapimirwa. Niba iyinjizwa ryibikoresho byikizamini ari bito, bizatera shunt mugihe cyo gupima, bizatera ikosa rinini kubisubizo byikizamini.
3. Umuyoboro mugari wikizamini ugomba kuba munini kuruta umurongo wumuzunguruko uri munsi yikizamini.
4. Hitamo amanota y'ibizamini neza. Mugihe igikoresho kimwe cyikizamini gikoreshwa mugupima, ikosa ryatewe no kurwanya imbere kwigikoresho kizaba gitandukanye cyane mugihe ingingo zo gupima zitandukanye.
5. Uburyo bwo gupima bugomba kuba bworoshye kandi bushoboka. Iyo bibaye ngombwa gupima umuyaga wumuzunguruko, mubisanzwe birashoboka gupima voltage aho kuba umuyaga, kuko ntabwo ari ngombwa guhindura uruziga mugihe upima voltage. Niba ukeneye kumenya agaciro k'ishami ryubu, urashobora kuyabona mugupima voltage hejuru yurwanya ishami hanyuma ukayihindura.
6. Mugihe cyo gukemura ibibazo, ntibigomba gukurikiranwa neza no gupimwa gusa, ahubwo bigomba no kuba byiza gufata amajwi. Ibirimo byafashwe amajwi birimo imiterere yubushakashatsi, ibintu byagaragaye, amakuru yapimwe, imiterere yumurongo, nubusabane bwicyiciro. Gusa mugereranije numubare munini winyandiko zigeragezwa zizewe hamwe nibisubizo byerekana, dushobora kubona ibibazo mubishushanyo mbonera no kunoza gahunda yo gushushanya.
Gukemura ibibazo mugihe cyo gukemura
Kugirango ubone icyateye ikosa witonze, ntukureho umurongo kandi wongere usubiremo niba amakosa adashobora gukemuka. Kuberako niba ari ikibazo muburyo bumwe, no kugarura ntibizakemura ikibazo.
1. Uburyo rusange bwo kugenzura amakosa
Kuri sisitemu igoye, ntabwo byoroshye kubona neza amakosa mumubare munini wibigize nizunguruka. Igikorwa rusange cyo gusuzuma amakosa gishingiye kubintu byananiranye, binyuze mugupimisha inshuro nyinshi, gusesengura no guca imanza, hanyuma buhoro buhoro ugasanga amakosa.
2. Kunanirwa ibintu nibitera
Fen Ikintu cyananiranye gikunze kubaho: Nta kimenyetso cyinjiza mumuzunguruko wa amplifier, ariko hariho ibyasohotse. Inzira ya amplifier ifite ibimenyetso byinjiza ariko nta bisohoka byahinduwe, cyangwa imiyoboro idasanzwe. Urukurikirane rwateganijwe amashanyarazi ntirugira ingufu za voltage, cyangwa ibisohoka voltage ni ndende cyane kuburyo idashobora guhinduka,cyangwa ibisohoka voltage igenzura imikorere irangirika, kandi ibisohoka voltage ntibihinduka. Inzira zinyeganyega ntabwokubyara ihindagurika, imiterere ya compteur idahungabana nibindi.
Impamvu yo kunanirwa: Igicuruzwa cyanditse cyananiwe nyuma yigihe cyo gukoresha. Irashobora kwangirika ibice, imiyoboro ngufi hamwe nizunguruka zifunguye, cyangwa impinduka mubihe.
Uburyo bwo kugenzura kunanirwa
1. Uburyo bwo kwitegereza butaziguye:
Reba niba guhitamo no gukoresha igikoresho ari byo, niba urwego na polarite yumuriro w'amashanyarazi byujuje ibisabwa; niba pin yibigize polar ihujwe neza, kandi niba hari ikosa rihuza, kubura guhuza, cyangwa kugongana. Niba insinga zumvikana; niba ikibaho cyacapwe ari gito-kizunguruka, niba resistance na capacitance byatwitse kandi byacitse. Reba niba ibice bishyushye, umwotsi, niba transformateur ifite impumuro ya kokiya, niba filament ya tube ya elegitoronike na oscilloscope iriho, kandi niba hari umuriro mwinshi.
2. Koresha multimeter kugirango urebe aho uhagaze:
Sisitemu yo gutanga amashanyarazi yumuzunguruko wa elegitoronike, DC ikora ya semiconductor triode, blok ihuriweho (harimo ikintu, pine yibikoresho, voltage yamashanyarazi), hamwe nagaciro ko guhangana kumurongo birashobora gupimwa na multimeter. Iyo agaciro gapimwe gatandukanye cyane nagaciro gasanzwe, amakosa arashobora kuboneka nyuma yisesengura. By the way, static static point irashobora kandi kugenwa hakoreshejwe uburyo bwa oscilloscope "DC". Ibyiza byo gukoresha oscilloscope nuko kurwanya imbere kwinshi ari hejuru, kandi irashobora kubona imiterere ya DC ikora hamwe nuburyo bwo kwerekana ibimenyetso kumwanya wapimwe icyarimwe, kimwe nibimenyetso bishobora gutambamirwa hamwe n’umuvuduko w’urusaku, bikaba byiza cyane. gusesengura amakosa.
3.Uburyo bwo gukurikirana ibimenyetso:
Kuburyo butandukanye bwumuzunguruko utoroshye, amplitude runaka hamwe nikimenyetso gikwiye gishobora guhuzwa ninjiza (kurugero, kuri amplifier ibyiciro byinshi, ikimenyetso cya sinusoidal ya f, 1000 HZ irashobora guhuzwa ninjiza). Kuva kumurongo wambere ugana kumurongo winyuma (cyangwa ibinyuranye), reba impinduka zumurongo wa amplitude hamwe na amplitude intambwe ku yindi. Niba intambwe iyo ari yo yose idasanzwe, amakosa ari kuri urwo rwego.
4. Uburyo butandukanye:
Iyo hari ikibazo mumuzunguruko, urashobora kugereranya ibipimo byuruziga hamwe nibisanzwe bisanzwe (cyangwa byasesenguwe mubyukuri, voltage, flake, nibindi) kugirango umenye ibintu bidasanzwe mumuzunguruko, hanyuma ubisesengure kandi ubisesengure Menya ingingo yo gutsindwa.
5. Uburyo bwo gusimbuza ibice:
Rimwe na rimwe, amakosa arihishwa kandi ntashobora kuboneka ukireba. Niba ufite igikoresho cyicyitegererezo kimwe nigikoresho kitari cyo muri iki gihe, urashobora gusimbuza ibice, ibice, ibyuma byacometse, nibindi mubikoresho hamwe nibice bijyanye nibikoresho byabugenewe kugirango byorohereze kugabanuka Urwego kandi shakisha inkomoko y'amakosa.
6. Uburyo bwa Bypass:
Iyo hari ihindagurika rya parasitike, urashobora gukoresha capacitor hamwe numubare ukwiye wabagenzi, ugahitamo igenzura rikwiye, hanyuma ugahuza by'agateganyo capacitori hagati ya bariyeri hamwe nubutaka bwerekanwe. Niba ihungabana ryabuze, byerekana ko ihungabana ryakozwe hafi yiki cyangwa icyiciro kibanza Mu muzunguruko. Ubundi inyuma gusa, wimure kuri bariyeri kugirango uyibone. Imiyoboro ya bypass igomba kuba ikwiye kandi ntigomba kuba nini cyane, mugihe ishobora gukuraho neza ibimenyetso byangiza.
7. Uburyo bwumuzunguruko mugufi:
Nugufata igice gito cyumuzunguruko kugirango ubone amakosa. Uburyo bugufi-buzunguruka nuburyo bwiza cyane bwo kugenzura amakosa afunguye. Ariko, twakagombye kumenya ko gutanga amashanyarazi (umuzunguruko) bidashobora kuba bigufi.
8. Guhagarika uburyo:
Uburyo bwumuzunguruko bufunguye nibyiza cyane kugenzura amakosa yumuzunguruko. Uburyo bwo guhagarika nuburyo nuburyo bwo kugabanya buhoro buhoro ingingo zikekwa ko zatsinzwe. Kurugero, kubera ko amashanyarazi yagenwe ahujwe numuzunguruko ufite amakosa kandi ibisohoka ni binini cyane, dufata uburyo bwo guhagarika ishami rimwe ryumuzingi kugirango tumenye amakosa. Niba ikigezweho gisubiye mubisanzwe nyuma yishami rihagaritswe, amakosa aba muri iri shami.