Qaab xirmo IPV4

(1)Noocabeerta waxay xisaabisaa 4 bits, taasoo muujinaysa nooca nidaamka IP.
(2)Dhererka cinwaanka IP-ga, goobtan waxaa loo isticmaalaa in lagu qeexo dhererka cinwaanka IP-ga, maadaama ay jiraan qaybo dhererka doorsooma oo ikhtiyaari ah oo ku jira madaxa IP-ga. Qaybtani waxay ka kooban tahay 4 bits, oo leh unug dhererkiisu yahay 4 bytes, taas oo macnaheedu yahay in qiimaha gobolkan = IP dhererka madaxa (bytes) / cutubka dhererka (4 bytes).
(3)Nooca Adeegga: 8-bit oo dherer ah.
PPP: Saddexda lambar ee ugu horreeya waxay qeexayaan mudnaanta xirmada. Inta badan ee muhiimka ah ee qiimuhu waa, inta badan muhiimadda xogta Big waa
000 (Caadi ah) Caadi
001 (Mudnaanta) mudnaanta, loo isticmaalo ganacsiga xogta
010 (Isla markiiba) isla markiiba, ganacsiga xogta
011 (Flash) xawaaraha tooska ah ee gudbinta codka
100 (Flash Overrides) si degdeg ah ganacsiga fiidiyowga
101 (muhiim ah) CRI/TIC/ECP muhiim u ah gudbinta codka
110 (xakamaynta internetka) Xakamaynta shabakadaha interneedka, oo loo isticmaalo xakamaynta shabakada, sida borotokoolka marinka
111 (Shabakadda Xakamaynta) xakamaynta shabakada, loo isticmaalo xakamaynta shabakada
DTRCO: 5 nambar ee u dambeeya
(1000) D daahitaan: 0: min dib u dhac, 1: yaree dib u dhaca intii suurtogal ah
(0100) T Inta lagu guda jiro: 0: ugu badnaan wax soo saarka (ugu badnaan wax soo saarka), 1: Isku day inaad kordhiso gaadiidka sida ugu badan ee suurtogalka ah
(0010) R isku halaynta: 0: ugu badnaan wax soo saarka, 1: sarraysii isku halaynta
(0001) M Qiimaha gudbinta: 0: min Qiimaha Isniinta (jidka ugu yar ee dusha sare), 1: yaree kharashka intii suurtagal ah
(0000): caadiga ah (adeegga caadiga ah).
(4)Wadarta dhererka xirmada IP: 16 bits oo dherer ah. Dhererka xirmada IP-ga ee lagu xisaabiyo bytes (ay ku jiraan madaxa iyo xogta), sidaas darteed dhererka ugu badan ee xirmada IP waa 65 535 bytes. Markaa, cabbirka baakadda culayska la saarayo=wadarta xidhmada IP-ga dhererka - dhererka madaxa IP-ga.
(5)Aqoonsiga: dhererka 16 bits. Goobtan waxa lala isticmaalaa Calamada iyo Qaybaha Bixinta Jajabka si loo kala qaybiyo xidhmooyinka heerka sare ee waaweyn. Kadib markiirouterbaakidh kala goysa, dhammaan baakidhyada yaryar ee kala qaybsanna waxa lagu calaamadeeyaa isku qiimo, si ay qalabka meesha ku socdaa u kala saaro baakidhka la qaybiyey.
(6)Calanka: 3 bits oo dherer ah.
Lambarka koowaad ee goobtan lama isticmaalo.
Qaybta labaad waa qaybta DF (Ha jajabin). Marka xoogaa DF ah loo dhigo 1, waxay muujineysaa inrouterma kala qaybin karo baakadda lakabka sare. Haddii baakadda lakabka sare aan la gudbin karin iyada oo aan la kala qaybin, waarouterwuxuu tuurayaa xirmada lakabka sare oo soo celin doona fariin qalad ah.
Qaybta saddexaad waa MF (More Fragments). Markarouterwaxay kala qaybisaa baakidh lakabka sare ah, waxay ka dhigaysaa yaraa MF 1 ee madaxa xidhmada IP-ga marka laga reebo qaybta u dambaysa.
(7)Deminta jajabkaDhererka 13 bits, oo lagu qiyaasay halbeeg dhan 8 octets. Waxay tuseysaa meesha uu ku yaalo xirmada IP-ga ee xirmada qeybta, kaas oo loo isticmaalo dhamaadka hesha si uu isugu keeno loona soo celiyo xirmada IP-ga.
(8)Waqtiga la noolaan karo (TTL)Dhererku waa 8 bits, oo markii hore lagu nashqadeeyay ilbiriqsiyo (s), laakiin dhab ahaantii waxa lagu qiyaasaa xabo. Qiimaha caadiga ah ee lagu taliyey waa 64. Marka xirmooyinka IP la gudbiyo, qiimo gaar ah ayaa marka hore loo qoondeeyay goobtan. Marka baakadda IP-gu mid walba soo marorouterjidka, mid kastarouterJidku wuxuu hoos u dhigayaa qiimaha TTL ee xirmada IP 1. Haddii TTL laga dhigo 0, xirmada IP waa la tuurayaa. Goobtani waxay ka hortagi kartaa xirmooyinka IP-ga in si joogto ah loogu gudbiyo shabakada sababtoo ah wareegyada wareega.
(9)Baratakoolka: 16 bits oo dherer ah. Loo isticmaalo ogaanshaha saxda ah ee cinwaanada IP, laakiin kuma jiraan qaybta xogta. Sababtoo ah mid kastarouterwuxuu u baahan yahay inuu beddelo qiimaha TTL, therouterwaxay dib u xisaabin doontaa qiimahan baakidh kasta oo gudbaya
(10)Header Checksum: 16 bits oo dherer ah. Loo isticmaalo ogaanshaha saxda ah ee cinwaanada IP, laakiin kuma jiraan qaybta xogta. Sababtoo ah mid kastarouterwuxuu u baahan yahay inuu beddelo qiimaha TTL, therouterwaxay dib u xisaabin doontaa qiimahan baakidh kasta oo gudbaya
(11)Ciwaanka iyo Ciwaanka loo aadayo: Labada cinwaan waa 32 bits. Wuxuu aqoonsadaa meesha iyo ciwaanka loo socdo ee xidhmadan IP-ga Fadlan la soco in NAT aan la isticmaalin mooyaane, labadan cinwaan isma beddeli doonaan dhammaan habka gudbinta.
(12)Ikhtiyaarada: Tani waa bed dhererka doorsooma. Goobtan waa ikhtiyaar waxaana inta badan loo isticmaalaa tijaabinta, waxaana dib u qori kara qalabkii asalka ahaa markii loo baahdo. Waxyaabaha ikhtiyaariga ah waxaa ka mid ah kuwan soo socda:

• Dariiq toosan oo ilbaxsan: U bixi cinwaano IP taxane ah oo loogu talagalayrouterinterfaces. Xirmooyinka IP waa in lagu kala qaadaa ciwaannada IP-yada, laakiin waa la oggol yahay inay ka boodaan router badan inta u dhaxaysa laba cinwaan oo IP ah oo isku xigta.
• Dariiqa isha adag: U bixi cinwaano IP taxane ah oo loogu talagalayrouterinterfaces. Xirmooyinka IP waa in lagu kala qaadaa ciwaannada IP-yada, iyo haddii hop-ka xiga aanu ku jirin miiska ciwaanka IP-ga, waxay muujinaysaa khalad.
Dariiqa duubo: Qor cinwaanka IP-ga ee interneedka dibadda ee router-ka marka xirmada IP-ga uu mid walba ka baxorouter.
•Waqtiyada waqtiga: Qor wakhtiga marka xidhmada IP-ga mid kasta ka baxorouter.
•Wax-saarid: Sababtoo ah cutubka dhererka madaxa IP-ga waa 32 bits, dhererka madaxa IP-ga waa inuu noqdaa tiro isku dhafan oo ah 32 bits. Sidaa darteed, ka dib ikhtiyaarka ikhtiyaariga ah, borotokoolka IP wuxuu buuxin doonaa dhowr eber si loo gaaro isku-dhufashada 32-bits.
Xogta IPV4 waxaa badanaa lagu dabaqi karaa shirkadeenaONUaaladaha shabakada, iyo shabkadayada laxiriirta alaabada iibinta kulul waxay daboolaysaa noocyo kala duwanONUalaabooyin taxane ah, oo ay ku jiraan ACONU/xidhiidhkaONU/ indheergaradONU/sanduuqaONUiwm. Kuwa sareONUalaabooyin taxane ah ayaa loo isticmaali karaa shuruudaha shabakada xaalado kala duwan. Ku soo dhawoow qof walba inuu yimaado oo uu yeesho faham farsamo oo faahfaahsan oo ku saabsan alaabta.