Ho utloisisa puisano ea data marang-rang ho thata. Sengoliloeng sena ke tla bonts'a habonolo hore na likhomphutha tse peli li hokahana joang, li fetisetsa le ho amohela tlhaiso-leseling ea data le eona le protocol ea Tcp/IP ea mekhahlelo e mehlano.
Khokahano ea data ke eng?
Lentsoe "puisano ea data" le sebelisoa ho hlalosa phetiso ea litaba ho tloha sebakeng se seng ho ea ho se seng ho sebelisoa mokhoa o kang oa khokahanyo ea mohala. Ha lisebelisoa tsohle tse fapanyetsanang data li le mohahong o le mong kapa haufi le moo, re re phetiso ea data ke ea sebakeng seo.
Moelelong ona, “mohloli” le “moamoheli” li na le litlhaloso tse tobileng. Mohloli o bua ka lisebelisoa tsa ho fetisetsa data, athe moamoheli o bua ka sesebelisoa se amohelang data. Sepheo sa puisano ea data ha se ho theha tlhahisoleseding mohloling kapa moo u eang teng, empa ho e-na le hoo, ho fetisoa ha data le ho boloka boitsebiso nakong ea ts'ebetso.
Hangata litsamaiso tsa likhokahano tsa data li sebelisa mehala ea phetiso ea data ho amohela lintlha tse tsoang libakeng tse hole le ho romela liphetho tse lokisitsoeng ho tsona tse hole. Setšoantšo se setšoantšong se fana ka kakaretso e pharaletseng ea marang-rang a puisano ea data. Mekhoa e mengata ea puisano ea data e ntseng e sebelisoa hona joale e ile ea ntlafatsoa butle-butle, e ka ba ntlafatso ea mekhoa ea puisano e neng e le teng pele kapa e le sebaka sa eona. Hape ho na le sebaka sa merafo sa lexical e leng puisano ea data, e kenyelletsang mantsoe a kang baud rate, modem, routers, LAN, WAN, TCP / IP, e leng ISDN, 'me e tlameha ho tsamaisoa ha u etsa qeto ea mokhoa oa ho fetisa. Ka lebaka leo, ke habohlokoa ho hetla morao 'me u fumane mokhoa oa ho sebetsana le likhopolo tsena le ho iphetola ha mekhoa ea puisano ea data.
TCP/IP Protocol ea mekhahlelo e mehlano:
Ho netefatsa hore TCP/IP e sebetsa hantle, re tlameha ho fana ka bonyane ba data eo e e hlokang ka mokhoa o utloisisoang hohle ho marang-rang. Mehaho e mehlano ea software e etsa hore sebopeho sena se khonehe.
TCP/IP e fumana lintlha tsa motheo tseo e li hlokang ho fetisetsa data ea rona ho pholletsa le marang-rang ho tloha ho e 'ngoe le e' ngoe ea lihlopha tsena. Mesebetsi e hlophisitsoe ka "mekhahlelo" e khethehileng mona. Ha ho na tšobotsi e le 'ngoe mofuteng ona e sa thuseng ka kotloloho e' ngoe ea likarolo tse ngata ho etsa mosebetsi oa eona hamolemo.
Ke feela masela a bapileng a ka buisanang. Mananeo a sebetsang maemong a holimo a lokolotsoe boikarabellong ba ho phethahatsa khoutu maemong a tlase. Ho theha khokahano le moamoheli ea hole, mohlala, khoutu ea kopo e tlameha feela ho tseba ho etsa kopo sebakeng sa Lipalangoang. E ka sebetsa ntle le ho utloisisa morero oa khouto ea data e romelloang. Ho ho Physical layer ho sebetsana le seo. Ke eona e ikarabellang bakeng sa ho fetisa data e tala, e leng letoto la li-0 le 1s, hammoho le taolo ea sekhahla sa li-bit le ho hlalosa khokahano, thekenoloji ea mohala kapa thapo ea motlakase e hokahanyang lisebelisoa.
Protocol ea TCP/IP ea mekhahlelo e mehlano e kenyelletsa hoLayer ea Kopo, Layer ea Lipalangoang, Lera la Marang-rang, Lera la Khokahano ea Lintlha, le Lera la 'Mele, Ha re ithute ka likarolo tsena tsa TCP/IP.
1. Lera la 'mele:Lera la 'mele le sebetsana le sehokelo sa mohala kapa se se nang mohala lipakeng tsa lisebelisoa tse marang-rang. E hlalosa sehokelo, khokahanyo ea mehala kapa e se nang mohala lipakeng tsa lisebelisoa, 'me e romela data e tala (0s le 1s) hammoho le ho laola sekhahla sa phetisetso ea data.
2. Data Link Layer:Khokahano lipakeng tsa li-node tse peli tse hokahantsoeng ka 'mele marang-rang e thehiloe mme e khaotsoe lera la khokahano ea data. E etsa sena ka ho arola lipakete tsa data ka liforeimi pele e li romella ha li le tseleng. Media Access Control (MAC) e sebelisa liaterese tsa MAC ho hokahanya lisebelisoa le ho bolela litokelo tsa ho fetisa le ho amohela data, ha Logical Link Control (LLC) e khetholla mekhoa ea marang-rang, e hlahloba liphoso, le ho hokahanya liforeimi.
3. Lera la Marang-rang:Likhokahano lipakeng tsa marang-rang ke mokokotlo oa Marang-rang. "Lera la marang-rang" la ts'ebetso ea likhokahano tsa Marang-rang ke moo likhokahano tsena li etsoang ka ho fapanyetsana lipakete tsa data lipakeng tsa marang-rang Karolo ea boraro ea Mohlala oa Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) ke marang-rang. Liprothokholo tse 'maloa, ho kenyeletsoa Internet Protocol (IP), li sebelisoa boemong bona bakeng sa merero e kang ho tsamaisa, ho lekola, le encryption.
4. Lera la Lipalangoang:Ho theha khokahano lipakeng tsa moamoheli ho moamoheli ke boikarabello ba marang-rang. Leha boikarabello ba lera la lipalangoang ke ho theha khokahano ea boema-kepe ho isa boema-kepeng. Re fetisitse data ka katleho ho tloha ho Computer A ho ea ho B ka tšebelisano ea 'mele, lera la khokahano ea data le lera la marang-rang. Kamora ho romella data komporong ea A-to-B, komporo ea B e ka tseba joang hore na data e fetisetsoa bakeng sa ts'ebeliso efe?
Ka hona, hoa hlokahala ho abela ts'ebetso ho ts'ebeliso e itseng ka boema-kepe. Kahoo, aterese ea IP le nomoro ea boema-kepe li ka sebelisoa ho tsebahatsa lenaneo le sebetsang la moamoheli.
5. Lera la Kopo:Libatli le bareki ba lengolo-tsoibila ke mehlala ea software e lehlakoreng la bareki e sebetsang karolong ea kopo. Li-protocol li fumaneha tse nolofalletsang puisano pakeng tsa mananeo le pontšo ea tlhahisoleseding e molemo ho basebelisi ba ho qetela. Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP), File Transfer Protocol (FTP), Post Office Protocol (POP), Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP), le Domain Name System (DNS) kaofela ke mehlala ea liprothokholo tse sebetsang karolong ea kopo (DNS) .