Ukuqonda unxibelelwano lwedatha kwinethiwekhi kunzima. Kweli nqaku ndiza kubonisa ngokulula ukuba iikhompyuter ezimbini zidibana njani, zigqithise kwaye zifumane ulwazi lwedatha kunye ne-Tcp/IP yeprotocol yomaleko amahlanu.
Yintoni unxibelelwano lweDatha?
Igama elithi "unxibelelwano lwedatha" lisetyenziselwa ukuchaza ukuhanjiswa kolwazi ukusuka kwenye indawo ukuya kwenye usebenzisa i-medium efana noqhagamshelo locingo. Xa zonke izixhobo zokutshintshiselana ngedatha zikwisakhiwo esifanayo okanye kufuphi, sithetha ukuba ukuhanjiswa kwedatha kusendaweni.
Kulo mongo, "umthombo" kunye "nomamkeli" aneenkcazo ezithe ngqo. Umthombo ubhekiselele kwisixhobo sokudlulisa idatha, ngelixa umamkeli ebhekisa kwisixhobo sokufumana idatha. Injongo yonxibelelwano lwedatha ayikona ukudalwa kolwazi kumthombo okanye kwindawo ekuyiwa kuyo, kodwa kunoko ukudluliselwa kwedatha kunye nokugcinwa kwedatha ngexesha lenkqubo.
Iisistim zonxibelelwano lwedatha zihlala zisebenzisa imigca yothumelo lwedatha ukufumana idatha evela kwiindawo ezikude kwaye ithumele iziphumo ezilungisiweyo emva kwezo ndawo zikude. Umzobo kumfanekiso unika inkcazo ebanzi ngakumbi yothungelwano lonxibelelwano lwedatha. Ubuchule bonxibelelwano lwedatha obuninzi obusetyenziswayo ngoku buphuhliswe ngokuthe chu, nokuba buphuculo kubuchule obukhoyo bonxibelelwano lwedatha okanye njengokubuyisela bona. Kwaye ke kukho i-lexical minefield engunxibelelwano lwedatha, ebandakanya amagama afana nereyithi ye-baud, iimodem, iirutha, i-LAN, i-WAN, i-TCP / IP, i-ISDN, kwaye kufuneka iqhutywe xa kugqitywa ngendlela yokudluliselwa. Ngenxa yoko, kubalulekile ukujonga emva kwaye ufumane umqheba kwezi ngcamango kunye nokuvela kobuchule bonxibelelwano lwedatha.
I-TCP/IP Iprothokholi yomaleko emihlanu:
Ukuqinisekisa ukuba i-TCP/IP isebenza ngokufanelekileyo, kufuneka sinikeze ubuncinci bedatha obuyifunayo ngefomathi eqondwa jikelele kuwo wonke uthungelwano. Uyilo lwesoftware enemigangatho emihlanu yenza le fomati yenzeke.
I-TCP/IP ifumana iziseko ezifunekayo ukuhambisa idatha yethu kwinethiwekhi ukusuka kuluhlu ngalunye. Imisebenzi icwangciswe ngokwe "imigangatho" ethile apha. Akukho nalinye inqaku kule modeli elingancedi ngokuthe ngqo enye yeeleya ezininzi ekwenzeni umsebenzi wayo ngcono.
Kuphela ziileya ezimeleneyo ezinokunxibelelana. Iinkqubo ezisebenza kumaleko aphezulu akhululwe kuxanduva lokuphumeza ikhowudi kumaleko asezantsi. Ukuseka uxhulumaniso kunye nomninimzi okude, umzekelo, ikhowudi yesicelo kufuneka nje ukwazi ukwenza isicelo kwi-Travel layer. Inokusebenza ngaphandle kokuqonda iskimu sokukhowuda esisisiseko sedatha ethunyelwayo. Kuxhomekeke kuMaleko woMzimba ukusingatha loo nto. Lilo elijongene nokudlulisa idatha ekrwada, eluthotho nje lwee-0 kunye nee-1s, kunye nolawulo lwe-bit rate kunye nokuchaza unxibelelwano, iteknoloji engenazingcingo okanye intambo yombane edibanisa izixhobo.
Iprotocol ye-TCP/IP enemigangatho emihlanu ibandakanyaUmaleko weSicelo, uLeya lwezoThutho, umaleko woNxibelelwano, uLeya loNxibelelaniso lweDatha, kunye noMaleko wePhysical, Masifunde malunga nale TCP / IP umaleko.
1. Umaleko obonakalayo:Umaleko womzimba uphatha elona khonkco linecingo okanye elingenazingcingo phakathi kwezixhobo kuthungelwano. Ichaza umnxibelelanisi, uqhagamshelwano olunengcingo okanye olungenazingcingo phakathi kwezixhobo, kwaye ithumela idatha ekrwada (0s kunye nee-1s) kunye nokulawula izinga lokudluliselwa kwedatha.
2. Umaleko woQhagamshelwano lweDatha:Udibaniso phakathi kweenodi ezimbini ezidityaniswe ngokwasemzimbeni kuthungelwano lusekiwe kwaye lunqunyulwe kuluhlu lwedatha. Ikwenza oku ngokwahlula iipakethi zedatha kwizakhelo phambi kokuzithumela endleleni yazo. IMedia Access Control (MAC) isebenzisa iidilesi ze-MAC ukudibanisa izixhobo kwaye ichaze amalungelo okuhambisa kunye nokufumana idatha, ngelixa i-Logical Link Control (LLC) ichonga iiprothokholi zenethiwekhi, yenza ukukhangela iimpazamo, kunye nokulungelelanisa izakhelo.
3. Umaleko wothungelwano:Uqhagamshelo phakathi kothungelwano luyintsika ye-Intanethi. "I-network layer" yenkqubo yonxibelelwano lwe-Intanethi kulapho olu qhagamshelwano lwenziwa khona ngokutshintshiselana ngeepakethi zedatha phakathi kweenethiwekhi Uluhlu lwesithathu lwe-Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) iModeli ngumaleko womnatha. Iiprothokholi ezininzi, kubandakanywa iProtokholi ye-Intanethi (IP), zisetyenziswa kweli nqanaba ngeenjongo ezifana nendlela, uvavanyo, kunye noguqulelo oluntsonkothileyo.
4. Umaleko wezoThutho:Ukuseka umdibaniso phakathi komamkeli kumamkeli luxanduva lweeleya zothungelwano. Ngelixa uxanduva lomaleko wezothutho kukuseka uqhagamshelo lwezibuko ukuya kwizibuko. Sidlulise ngempumelelo idatha ukusuka kwiKhompyutha A ukuya ku-B ngokusebenzisana komgangatho womzimba, umaleko wekhonkco ledatha kunye nomgangatho wenethiwekhi. Emva kokuthumela idatha kwikhompyuter i-A-to-B ibona njani ikhompyuter u-B ukuqaphela ukuba loluphi usetyenziso lwedatha?
Ngokufanelekileyo, kuyimfuneko ukwabela inkqubo kwisicelo esithile ngezibuko . Ngaloo ndlela, idilesi ye-IP kunye nenombolo yezibuko ingasetyenziselwa ukuchonga ngokukodwa inkqubo esebenzayo yomamkeli.
5. Uluhlu lweSicelo:Abakhangeli kunye nabathengi be-imeyile yimizekelo yesoftware yecala lomxhasi esebenza kumaleko wesicelo. Iiprotocol zenziwa zifumaneke eziququzelela unxibelelwano phakathi kweenkqubo kunye nokuboniswa kolwazi oluluncedo kubasebenzisi bokugqibela. I-Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP), iProtocol Transfer Protocol (FTP), iProtocol yePost Office (POP), iProtocol yokuDlulisa iMeyile eLula (SMTP), kunye neNkqubo yeGama leDomain (DNS) yonke imizekelo yeeprothokholi ezisebenza kuluhlu lwesicelo (DNS) .