IPV4 ifomathi yepakethe

(1)Inguquleloi-akhawunti yentsimi yeebits ezi-4, ebonisa uguqulelo lweprotocol ye IP.
(2)IP Header Ubude, lo mhlaba usetyenziselwa ukuchaza ubude beheader ye IP, njengoko kukho iinxalenye zobude obuguquguqukayo kwi-header ye-IP. Eli candelo lithatha iibhithi ezi-4, kunye neyunithi yobude bee-bytes ezi-4, okuthetha ukuba ixabiso kulo mmandla=ubude bentloko ye-IP (ngee-bytes)/iyunithi yobude (4 bytes).
(3)Uhlobo lweNkonzo: 8 bits ubude.
I-PPP: Amanani amathathu okuqala achaza ukubaluleka kwephakheji. Okubaluleke ngakumbi ixabiso, kubaluleke ngakumbi ukuba idatha enkulu
000 (Inkqubo) eqhelekileyo
I-001 (Eyona nto iphambili) iphambili, isetyenziselwa ishishini ledatha
010 (Ngokukhawuleza) ngokukhawuleza, kwishishini ledatha
011 (I-Flash) isantya sombane sokuhambisa ilizwi
I-100 (i-Flash Overrides) ngokukhawuleza kwishishini levidiyo
I-101 (ebaluleke kakhulu) i-CRI/TIC/ECP ebalulekileyo yokuhanjiswa kwelizwi
I-110 (Ulawulo lwe-Intanethi) Ulawulo lwenethiwekhi ye-Inter, esetyenziselwa ulawulo lwenethiwekhi, njengeeprothokholi zomzila
I-111 (uLawulo lweNethiwekhi) ulawulo lwenethiwekhi, olusetyenziselwa ulawulo lwenethiwekhi
DTRCO: Izinombolo ezi-5 zokugqibela
(1000) D ukulibaziseka: 0: min ukulibaziseka, 1: ukunciphisa ukulibaziseka kangangoko
(0100) T Ugqithiso: 0: Ugqithiso ophezulu (ubuninzi bemveliso), 1: Zama ukwandisa itrafikhi kangangoko
(0010) ukuthembeka kwe-R: 0: ubuninzi bokugqiba, 1: ukwandisa ukuthembeka
(0001) M iindleko zothumelo: 0: min iindleko zoMvulo (ubuncinci bendlela engaphezulu), 1: nciphisa iindleko kangangoko kunokwenzeka
(0000): eqhelekileyo (inkonzo eqhelekileyo).
(4)Ubude obupheleleyo bepakethi ye-IP: iibhithi ezili-16 ubude. Ubude bepakethi ye-IP ebalwa kwii-bytes (kubandakanywa intloko kunye nedatha), ngoko ke ubude obuninzi bepakethi ye-IP yi-65 535 bytes. Ngoko ke, ubungakanani bepakethi payload=Ubude bepakethi ye-IP iyonke - ubude besihloko se-IP.
(5)Isichongi: iibhithi ezili-16 ubude. Lo mhlaba usetyenziswa ngokudityaniswa neFlegi kunye neSiqendu esiNikeza amasimi ukwahlula iipakethi zomgangatho ophezulu. Emva kweumzilaukwahlula ipakethi, zonke iipakethi ezincinci ezicandekileyo ziphawulwe ngexabiso elifanayo, ukuze isixhobo sokuya sikwahlule ukuba yeyiphi ipakethi yepakethi yokwahlula.
(6)Iiflegi: iibhithi ezi-3 ubude.
Idijithi yokuqala yale ndawo ayisetyenziswanga.
Isuntswana lesibini yi-DF (Musa ukuqhekeza) bit. Xa bit DF isetelwe ku-1, ibonisa ukuba iumzilaayikwazi ukwahlula umaleko ophezulu wepakethi. Ukuba ipakethe yomaleko ephezulu ayinakuthunyelwa ngaphandle kokwahlulwa, iumzilaizakulahla umaleko ophezulu wepakethi kwaye ibuyisele umyalezo wemposiso.
Isuntswana lesithathu yi-MF (Ngakumbi amaqhekeza) bit. Xa iumzilaamacandelo ipakethi yomaleko ephezulu, ibeka i-MF bit ukuya kwi-1 kwi-header ye-IP ipakethi ngaphandle kwecandelo lokugqibela.
(7)Iqhekeza Offset: Ubude beebhithi ezili-13, bulinganiswa ngeeyunithi ze-octet ezi-8. Ibonisa indawo yepakethe ye-IP kwipakethe yecandelo, esetyenziswa ekupheleni kokufumana ukudibanisa nokubuyisela ipakethe ye-IP.
(8)Ixesha lokuPhila (TTL): Ubude ziibhithi ezisi-8, ekuqaleni ziyilwe ngemizuzwana (s), kodwa eneneni zilinganiswe ngeehops. Ixabiso elimiselweyo elicetyiswayo ngu-64. Xa iipakethi ze-IP zihanjiswa, ixabiso elithile linikezelwa kuqala kule ndawo. Xa ipakethe ye-IP idlula nganyeumzilaendleleni, ngamnyeumzilaendleleni iya kunciphisa ixabiso le-TTL lepakethi ye-IP ngo-1. Ukuba i-TTL iyancitshiswa ibe yi-0, ipakethe ye-IP iya kulahlwa. Le ntsimi inokuthintela iipakethi ze-IP ukuba zigqithiswe ngokuqhubekayo kwinethiwekhi ngenxa yeendlela zokuhamba.
(9)Umgaqo-nkqubo: iibhithi ezili-16 ubude. Isetyenziselwa ukukhangela ukuchaneka kweentloko ze-IP, kodwa ayibandakanyi icandelo ledatha. Ngenxa yokuba ngamnyeumzilaifuna ukutshintsha ixabiso le TTL, iumzilaizakubala kwakhona eli xabiso kwipakethi nganye edlulayo
(10)I-Header Checksum: iibhithi ezili-16 ubude. Isetyenziselwa ukukhangela ukuchaneka kweentloko ze-IP, kodwa ayibandakanyi icandelo ledatha. Ngenxa yokuba ngamnyeumzilaifuna ukutshintsha ixabiso le TTL, iumzilaizakubala kwakhona eli xabiso kwipakethi nganye edlulayo
(11)Umthombo kunye needilesi zeNdawo: Zombini iidilesi ziyi-32 bits. Ichonga imvelaphi kunye nedilesi yendawo yokufikela yale IP pakethi. Nceda uqaphele ukuba ngaphandle kokuba i-NAT isetyenzisiwe, ezi dilesi zimbini aziyi kutshintsha kuyo yonke inkqubo yothumelo.
(12)Iinketho: Lo ngummandla wobude obuguquguqukayo. Lo mmandla ungowokuzikhethela kwaye usetyenziselwa ukuvavanya ubukhulu becala, kwaye unokuphinda ubhalwe sisixhobo sokuqala njengoko kufuneka. Izinto ozikhethayo ziquka oku kulandelayo:

•Umthombo womzila ongekhoyo: Nikela ngothotho lweedilesi ze-IP zeumzilaujongano. Iipakethi ze-IP kufuneka zihanjiswe kunye nezi dilesi ze-IP, kodwa kuvunyelwe ukutsiba iindlela ezininzi phakathi kweedilesi ezimbini ze-IP ezilandelelanayo.
•Umthombo womzila ongqongqo: Nikela ngothotho lweedilesi ze-IP zeumzilaujongano. Iipakethi ze-IP kufuneka zihanjiswe kunye nezi dilesi ze-IP, kwaye ukuba i-hop elandelayo ayikho kwitafile yedilesi ye-IP, ibonisa impazamo.
•Rekhoda indlela: Rekhoda idilesi ye-IP yojongano oluphumayo lwe-router xa ipakethi ye-IP ishiya nganyeumzila.
•Isitampu sexesha: Rekhoda ixesha xa ipakethi ye-IP ishiya nganyeumzila.
•Ukugquma: Ngenxa yokuba iyunithi yobude beheader ye IP ngamasuntswana angama-32, ubude beheader ye IP kufuneka ibe yinani eliphindwe kabini leebhithi ezingama-32. Ngoko ke, emva kokhetho olukhethiweyo, iprotocol ye-IP izakugcwalisa ooziro abaninzi ukufumana inani elipheleleyo lamabhithi angama-32.
Idatha ye-IPV4 ihlala isetyenziswa kwiinkampani zethuI-ONUizixhobo womnatha, kunye nenethiwekhi yethu enxulumene iimveliso ezithengisayo ezishushu zigubungela iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zeI-ONUiimveliso series, kuquka ACI-ONU/unxibelelwanoI-ONU/ekrelekreleI-ONU/ibhokisiI-ONU, njl. Oku kungasentlaI-ONUiimveliso zothotho zingasetyenziselwa iimfuno zenethiwekhi kwiimeko ezahlukeneyo. Wamkelekile wonke umntu ukuba eze kwaye abe nolwazi oluthe kratya lobugcisa bemveliso.