Xa ibhodi yesekethe ithengiswa, ngokuqhelekileyo ayinikezeli ngokuthe ngqo umbane kwibhodi yesiphaluka xa ujonga ukuba ibhodi yesiphaluka ingasebenza ngokuqhelekileyo. Endaweni yoko, landela la manyathelo angezantsi ukuqinisekisa ukuba akukho ngxaki kwinyathelo ngalinye kwaye ke umbane ulayitiwe awukashiywa lixesha.
Ingaba unxibelelwano luchanekile
Kubaluleke kakhulu ukujonga umzobo weskimu. Itshekhi yokuqala igxile ekubeni unikezelo lwamandla etshiphu kunye nothungelwano nodi zibhalwe ngokuchanekileyo. Kwangaxeshanye, nikela ingqalelo ukuba ii-node zenethiwekhi ziyadibana. Enye ingongoma ebalulekileyo kukupakishwa koqobo, uhlobo lwepakethe, kunye ne-pin order ye-package (khumbula: iphakheji ayikwazi ukusebenzisa imbono ephezulu, ngakumbi kwiipakethi ezingezikhonkwane). Jonga ukuba i-wiring ichanekile, kuquka ii-miswires, iingcingo ezimbalwa, kunye neengcingo ezininzi.
Kukho iindlela ezimbini zokujonga umgca:
1. Khangela iisekethe ezifakiweyo ngokungqinelana nomzobo wesekethe, kwaye ukhangele iisekethe ezifakiweyo nganye nganye ngokwe-wiring yesekethe.
2. Ngokwesekethe kanye nomzobo weskim, khangela umgca kunye necandelo njengeziko. Khangela i-wiring yephini nganye yecandelo kube kanye kwaye ukhangele ukuba ngaba indawo nganye ikhona na kwidayagram yesekethe. Ukuze kuthintelwe iimpazamo, iingcingo eziye zajongwa kufuneka ngokuqhelekileyo ziphawulwe kumzobo wesekethe. Kungcono ukusebenzisa i-pointer multimeter ohm block buzzer test ukulinganisa ngokuthe ngqo izikhonkwane zecandelo, ukwenzela ukuba i-wiring embi inokufumaneka ngexesha elifanayo.
Nokuba unikezelo lwamandla lufutshane
Musa umbane phambi kokulungiswa kweempazamo, sebenzisa i-multimeter ukulinganisa i-impedance yegalelo lonikezelo lwamandla. Eli linyathelo eliyimfuneko! Ukuba unikezelo lwamandla lufutshane, luya kubangela ukuba unikezelo lwamandla lutshise okanye iziphumo ezibi kakhulu. Xa kuziwa kwicandelo lamandla, i-0 ohm resistor ingasetyenziswa njengendlela yokulungisa ingxaki. Musa ukuthengisa i-resistor phambi kokukhanyisa. Khangela ukuba i-voltage yobonelelo lwamandla iqhelekile phambi kokuba uthengise isixhasi kwi-PCB ukunika amandla iyunithi ngasemva, ukuze ungabangeli itshiphu yeyunithi esemva ukuba itshiswe kuba umbane wobonelelo lwamandla awuqhelekanga. Yongeza iisekethe zokukhusela kuyilo lwesekethe, njengokusebenzisa i-fuses yokubuyisela kunye namanye amacandelo.
Ufakelo lwamacandelo
Khangela ngokukodwa ukuba ingaba i-polar components, ezifana ne-light-emitting diodes, i-electrolytic capacitors, i-rectifier diodes, njl., kunye nezikhonkwane ze-triode ziyahambelana. Kwi-triode, i-pin order yabakhiqizi abahlukeneyo abanomsebenzi ofanayo nayo ihluke, kungcono ukuvavanya nge-multimeter.
Uvavanyo oluvulekileyo nolufutshane kuqala ukuqinisekisa ukuba akusayi kubakho sikhewu sifutshane emva kombane. Ukuba amanqaku okuvavanya asetyenzisiwe, unokwenza okungakumbi ngokuncinci. Ukusetyenziswa kwe-0 ohm resistors ngamanye amaxesha kunenzuzo kuvavanyo lwesekethe yesantya esiphezulu. Uvavanyo lwamandla lunokuqaliswa kuphela emva kovavanyo lwehardware engentla phambi kokuba umbane ugqitywe.
Ukufunyanwa kwamandla
1. Amandla ekujongeni:
Musa ukukhawuleza ukulinganisa izikhombisi zombane emva kombane, kodwa qaphela ukuba kukho izinto ezingaqhelekanga kwisekethe, njengokuba kukho umsi, iphunga elingaqhelekanga, uthinte iphakheji yangaphandle yesekethe edibeneyo, nokuba ishushu, njl. kukho into engaqhelekanga, cima umbane ngoko nangoko, uze uvule emva kokusombulula ingxaki.
2. Ukulungisa ingxaki:
Ukulungiswa kwe-Static kubhekisa kuvavanyo lwe-DC olwenziwa ngaphandle komqondiso wegalelo okanye isignali esisigxina kuphela. I-multimeter ingasetyenziselwa ukulinganisa ubuchule benqaku ngalinye kwisekethe. Ngokuthelekisa noqikelelo lwethiyori, umgaqo wesekethe Hlalutya kwaye ugwebe ukuba imeko yokusebenza kwe-DC yesekethe iqhelekile, kwaye ufumanise ngexesha ukuba amacandelo akwisekethe wonakaliswe okanye akwimo yokusebenza ebalulekileyo. Ngokutshintshela isixhobo okanye ukulungelelanisa iiparamitha zesekethe, i-DC yokusebenza imeko yesekethe ihlangabezana neemfuno zoyilo.
3. Ukulungisa ingxaki:
I-Dynamic debugging yenziwa ngesiseko solungiso oluzinzileyo. Izibonakaliso ezifanelekileyo zongezwa ekupheleni kwegalelo lesekethe, kwaye izibonakaliso zokuphuma kwinqanaba ngalinye lokuvavanya zibonwa ngokulandelelana ngokuhambelana nokuhamba kweempawu. Ukuba iziganeko ezingaqhelekanga zifunyenwe, izizathu kufuneka zihlalutywe kwaye iimpazamo kufuneka zipheliswe. , Kwaye ke debug de ihlangabezane neemfuno.
Ngexesha lovavanyo, awukwazi ukuziva wedwa. Kufuneka uhlale uqwalasela ngoncedo lwesixhobo. Xa usebenzisa i-oscilloscope, kungcono ukuseta imowudi yegalelo lomqondiso we-oscilloscope kwibhloko "DC". Ngokusebenzisa indlela yokudibanisa ye-DC, unokujonga i-AC kunye ne-DC yesiginali elinganisiweyo ngexesha elinye. Emva kokulungiswa kweempazamo, ekugqibeleni jonga ukuba ngaba izikhombisi ezahlukeneyo zebhloko yomsebenzi kunye nomatshini wonke (ofana ne-amplitude yesignali, i-waveform shape, ubudlelwane besigaba, inzuzo, i-impedance yegalelo kunye ne-impedance yokuphuma, njl. njl.) ukuhlangabezana neemfuno zoyilo. Ukuba kuyimfuneko, phakamisa ngakumbi iiparamitha zesekethe Ulungiso olufanelekileyo.
Eminye imisebenzi kwi-electronic circuit debugging
1. Misela amanqaku ovavanyo:
Ngokomgaqo wokusebenza wenkqubo oza kulungiswa, amanyathelo okuthuma kunye neendlela zokulinganisa zenziwe, amanqaku okuvavanya anqunywe, izikhundla ziphawulwe kwimizobo kunye neebhodi, kwaye iifom zerekhodi zedatha yokugunyazisa zenziwe.
2. Seta ibhentshi yokulungisa ingxaki:
I-workbench ixhotyiswe ngezixhobo ezifunekayo zokulungisa, kwaye izixhobo kufuneka zibe lula ukusebenza kwaye kulula ukuzijonga. Inqaku elikhethekileyo: Xa usenza kwaye ulungisa iimpazamo, qiniseka ukuba ulungelelanisa i-workbench icocekile kwaye icocekile.
3. Khetha isixhobo sokulinganisa:
Kwisekethe ye-hardware, inkqubo yokulinganisa kufuneka ibe sisixhobo sokulinganisa esikhethiweyo, kwaye ukuchaneka kwesixhobo sokulinganisa kufuneka kube ngcono kunenkqubo ephantsi kovavanyo; Ukulungiswa kwesoftware, i-microcomputer kunye nesixhobo sophuhliso kufuneka sixhotyiswe.
4. Debugging ulandelelwano:
Ukulandelelana kwe-debugging yesekethe ye-elektroniki ngokuqhelekileyo kuqhutyelwa ngokwesikhokelo sokuhamba komqondiso. Isibonakaliso sokuphuma kwesiphaluka esilungisiweyo sangaphambili sisetyenziswe njengomqondiso wegalelo lesigaba esilandelayo sokudala iimeko zokulungiswa kokugqibela.
5. Ugunyaziso lulonke:
Kwiisekethe zedijithali eziphunyeziweyo kusetyenziswa izixhobo zengqiqo ezicwangcisiweyo, igalelo, ukulungisa iimpazamo, kunye nokukhutshelwa kweefayile zentsusa zezixhobo ezicwangcisekileyo kufuneka zigqitywe, kunye nezixhobo ezicwangcisiweyo ezicwangcisiweyo kunye neesekethe ze-analog kufuneka ziqhagamshelwe kwisistim yolungiso olupheleleyo kunye novavanyo lweziphumo.
Izilumkiso kwi-circuit debugging
Ingaba isiphumo sokulungisa sichanekile sichaphazeleka kakhulu kukuchaneka kobungakanani bovavanyo kunye nokuchaneka kovavanyo. Ukuze kuqinisekiswe iziphumo zovavanyo, kuyimfuneko ukunciphisa impazamo yovavanyo kunye nokuphucula ukuchaneka kovavanyo. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, nceda uqaphele ezi ngongoma zilandelayo:
1. Sebenzisa i-terminal ephantsi yesixhobo sovavanyo ngokuchanekileyo. Sebenzisa i-ground-termination case yesixhobo se-elektroniki sokuvavanya. Itheminali yomhlaba kufuneka iqhagamshelwe kwisiphelo somhlaba weamplifier. Ngaphandle koko, ukuphazamiseka okuvezwe yimeko yesixhobo akuyi kutshintsha kuphela imeko yokusebenza ye-amplifier, kodwa kubangele iimpazamo kwiziphumo zovavanyo. . Ngokwalo mgaqo, xa kulungiswa i-emitter bias circuit, ukuba kuyimfuneko ukuvavanya i-Vce, iziphelo ezimbini zesixhobo akufanele zidibanise ngokuthe ngqo kumqokeleli kunye ne-emitter, kodwa i-Vc kunye ne-Ve kufuneka ilinganiswe ngokulandelelana emhlabeni, kwaye emva koko ababini Ngaphantsi. Ukuba usebenzisa i-multimeter eyomileyo yebhetri yokuvavanya, ii-terminals ze-input zemitha zihamba, ngoko unokudibanisa ngokuthe ngqo phakathi kwamanqaku okuvavanya.
2. I-impedance yegalelo yesixhobo esisetyenziselwa ukulinganisa i-voltage kufuneka ibe mkhulu kakhulu kunokuthintela okulinganayo kwindawo elinganiswayo. Ukuba i-impedance yegalelo yesixhobo sokuvavanya incinci, iya kubangela i-shunt ngexesha lokulinganisa, okuya kubangela impazamo enkulu kwisiphumo sovavanyo.
3. I-bandwidth yesixhobo sokuvavanya kufuneka ibe mkhulu kune-bandwidth yesekethe phantsi kovavanyo.
4. Khetha amanqaku ovavanyo ngokuchanekileyo. Xa isixhobo sokuvavanya esifanayo sisetyenziselwa ukulinganisa, impazamo ebangelwa ukuchasana kwangaphakathi kwesixhobo iya kuba yinto eyahlukileyo kakhulu xa amanqaku okulinganisa ahluke.
5. Indlela yokulinganisa kufuneka ibe lula kwaye ibe nokwenzeka. Xa kuyimfuneko ukulinganisa i-current of circuit, ngokuqhelekileyo kunokwenzeka ukulinganisa i-voltage endaweni yangoku, kuba akuyimfuneko ukuguqula isiphaluka xa ulinganisa umbane. Ukuba ufuna ukwazi ixabiso langoku lesebe, ungayifumana ngokulinganisa i-voltage ngaphesheya kokuchasana kwesebe kunye nokuguqula.
6. Ngethuba lenkqubo yokulungiswa kweempazamo, akufuneki kuqwalaselwe ngokucophelela kwaye kulinganiswe, kodwa kwakhona kube kuhle ekurekhodeni. Umxholo orekhodiweyo uquka iimeko zovavanyo, iziganeko ezijongiweyo, idatha elinganisiweyo, iifom zamaza, kunye nobudlelwane besigaba. Kuphela ngokuthelekisa inani elikhulu leerekhodi zovavanyo ezithembekileyo kunye neziphumo zethiyori, sinokufumana iingxaki kuyilo lwesekethe kunye nokuphucula isicwangciso soyilo.
Ukulungisa ingxaki ngexesha lolungiso
Ukufumana imbangela yephutha ngononophelo, musa ukususa umgca kwaye uyibuyisele kwakhona ukuba iphoso alinakusonjululwa. Kuba ukuba yingxaki ngokomgaqo, kwanokufakwa kwakhona akuyi kuyicombulula ingxaki.
1. Iindlela eziqhelekileyo zokujonga iimpazamo
Kwinkqubo eyinkimbinkimbi, akulula ukufumana ngokuchanekileyo iimpazamo kwinani elikhulu lamacandelo kunye neesekethe. Inkqubo yokuxilongwa kwephutha ngokubanzi isekelwe kwinto engaphumeleli, ngokuvavanya ngokuphindaphindiweyo, ukuhlalutya kunye nokugweba, kwaye ngokuthe ngcembe ufumane iphoso.
2. Iziganeko zokusilela kunye nezizathu
● Into eqhelekileyo yokungaphumeleli: Akukho mqondiso wegalelo kwisekethe ye-amplifier, kodwa kukho i-wave wave form. Isekethe yeamplifier inomqondiso wegalelo kodwa akukho maza ophumayo, okanye i-waveform ayiqhelekanga. Uluhlu olulawulwayo lonikezelo lwamandla alunamveliso yombane, okanye i-voltage ephumayo iphezulu kakhulu ukuba ingalungiswa,okanye imveliso yolawulo lombane wemveliso iwohlokile, kwaye umbane ophumayo awuzinzanga. I-oscillating circuit ayifuniukuvelisa i-oscillation, i-waveform ye-counter ayizinzile njalo njalo.
● Isizathu sokungaphumeleli: Imveliso edla ngokusetyenziswa rhoqo iyasilela emva kwexesha elithile lokusetyenziswa. Isenokuba ngamacandelo onakeleyo, iisekethe ezimfutshane kunye neesekethe ezivulekileyo, okanye utshintsho kwiimeko.
Indlela yokukhangela ukusilela
1. Indlela yokujonga ngokuthe ngqo:
Khangela ukuba ukukhethwa kunye nokusetyenziswa kwesixhobo kuchanekile, nokuba inqanaba kunye ne-polarity yombane wombane wombane uyahlangabezana neemfuno; ukuba izikhonkwane zecandelo le-polar zixhunywe ngokuchanekileyo, kwaye ingaba kukho nayiphi na impazamo yoxhulumaniso, uxhulumaniso olungekhoyo, okanye ukungqubana. Ingaba i-wiring ifanelekile; ingaba ibhodi eprintiweyo imfutshane-ijikelezwe, ingaba ukuchasana kunye ne-capacitance kutshiswe kwaye kuqhekezwe. Khangela ukuba amacandelo ashushu, umsi, ingaba i-transformer inevumba le-coke, ingaba i-filament yetyhubhu ye-elektroniki kunye ne-oscilloscope tube ivuliwe, kwaye ingaba kukho ukuvutha kombane ophezulu.
2. Sebenzisa i-multimeter ukujonga indawo yokusebenza engatshintshiyo:
Inkqubo yonikezelo lwamandla kwisekethe ye-elektroniki, i-DC esebenzayo ye-semiconductor triode, ibhloko edibeneyo (kubandakanywa i-element, izikhonkwane zesixhobo, i-voltage yombane), kunye nexabiso lokumelana nomgca linokulinganiswa nge-multimeter. Xa ixabiso elilinganisiweyo lihluke kakhulu kwixabiso eliqhelekileyo, iphutha linokufumaneka emva kokuhlalutya. Ngendlela, indawo yokusebenza engatshintshiyo inokumiselwa kwakhona ngokusebenzisa indlela yokufaka i-oscilloscope "DC". Inzuzo yokusebenzisa i-oscilloscope kukuba ukuchasana kwangaphakathi kuphezulu, kwaye iyakwazi ukubona i-DC isebenza kunye ne-waveform yesignali kwindawo elinganisiweyo ngexesha elifanayo, kunye nemiqondiso yokuphazamiseka okunokwenzeka kunye nombane wengxolo, onceda ngakumbi. ukuhlalutya isiphene.
3.Indlela yokulandela umqondiso:
Kwiindidi zeesekethe eziyinkimbinkimbi, i-amplitude ethile kunye nesignali yefrikhwensi efanelekileyo inokudibaniswa kwigalelo (umzekelo, kwi-multi-stage amplifier, i-sinusoidal signal f, 1000 HZ inokudibaniswa negalelo layo). Ukusuka kwinqanaba elingaphambili ukuya kwinqanaba elingasemva (okanye ngokuchaseneyo), jonga utshintsho lwe-waveform kunye ne-amplitude step by step. Ukuba naliphi na inyathelo aliqhelekanga, impazamo ikuloo nqanaba.
4. Indlela yokuthelekisa:
Xa kukho ingxaki kwisekethe, unokuthelekisa iiparameters zale sekethi kunye neeparameters ezifanayo eziqhelekileyo (okanye i-theory yangoku, i-voltage, i-waveform, njl.njl.) ukufumana imeko engaqhelekanga kwisekethe, kwaye emva koko uhlalutye kwaye uhlalutye. Qinisekisa ukusilela.
5. Indlela yokutshintsha amalungu:
Ngamanye amaxesha impazamo ifihliwe kwaye ayinakubonwa ngokujonga nje. Ukuba unesixhobo semodeli efanayo njengesixhobo esingalunganga ngeli xesha, ungabuyisela amacandelo, amacandelo, iiplagi zeplagi, njl.njl kwisixhobo esineendawo ezihambelanayo zesixhobo esingalunganga ukuququzelela ukuncipha fumana imvelaphi yempazamo.
6. Indlela yokudlula:
Xa kukho i-oscillation ye-parasitic, ungasebenzisa i-capacitor kunye nesixa esifanelekileyo sabagibeli, khetha indawo yokukhangela efanelekileyo, kwaye udibanise okwesikhashana i-capacitor phakathi kwendawo yokukhangela kunye ne-reference ground point. Ukuba i-oscillation iyanyamalala, ibonisa ukuba i-oscillation yenziwe kufuphi nale nto okanye isigaba sangaphambili Kwisekethe. Kungenjalo nje ngasemva, hambisa indawo yokukhangela ukuze uyifumane. I-capacitor ye-bypass kufuneka ifaneleke kwaye ayifanele ibe nkulu kakhulu, nje ukuba inokuphelisa ngcono iimpawu ezinobungozi.
7. Indlela yesekethe emfutshane:
Kukuthatha inxalenye yesekethe emfutshane yesekethe ukufumana impazamo. Indlela yesekethe emfutshane yeyona isebenzayo ekujongeni iziphene ezivulelekileyo. Nangona kunjalo, kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba unikezelo lwamandla (isekethe) alukwazi ukuba lufutshane.
8. Indlela yokuqhawula:
Indlela yesekethe evulekileyo iyasebenza kakhulu ekujongeni iimpazamo zesiphaluka ezimfutshane. Indlela yokuqhawula kwakhona yindlela yokunciphisa ngokuthe ngcembe indawo erhanelwayo yokusilela. Ngokomzekelo, ngenxa yokuba umbane olawulwayo uxhunywe kwisiphaluka esinephutha kwaye imveliso yangoku inkulu kakhulu, sithatha indlela yokuqhawula isebe elinye lesiphaluka ukuze sihlolisise iphoso. Ukuba i-current ibuyela kwisiqhelo emva kokuba isebe linqanyuliwe, iphutha lenzeka kweli sebe.