Ngenxa yophuhliso oluninzi kunye nenkqubela phambili yetekhnoloji kwihardware efanelekileyo, isoftware, iiprothokholi kunye nemigangatho, ukusetyenziswa ngokubanzi kweVoIP kuya kuba yinyani kungekudala. Inkqubela phambili yezobuchwephesha kunye nophuhliso kwezi ndawo zibe negalelo ekudaleni uthungelwano lweVoIP olusebenza ngakumbi, olusebenzayo nolusebenzisanayo. Izinto zobugcisa ezikhuthaza uphuhliso olukhawulezayo kunye nokusetyenziswa okubanzi kweVoIP kunokushwankathelwa kwezi nkalo zilandelayo.
1, Digital Signal Processor
Iiprosesa zeDijithali eziPhakamileyo zeDijithali (DSPS) zenza imisebenzi enzima yokubala efunekayo ekudityanisweni kwelizwi kunye nedatha.Ukusetyenzwa kweDSP yemiqondiso yedijithali isetyenziswa ikakhulu ukwenza ubalo oluntsonkothileyo olunokuthi ngenye indlela lwenziwe yiCPU yenjongo jikelele. Amandla abo okusebenza okukhethekileyo adityaniswe neendleko eziphantsi enza i-DSPS ifaneleke kakuhle ukwenza imisebenzi yokucwangcisa umqondiso kwiinkqubo zeVoIP
I-computational overhead ye-G.729 yoxinzelelo lwentetho kwi-stream yezwi elilodwa idla ngokuba nkulu, efuna i-20MIPS. Ukuba i-CPU esembindini iyafuneka ukuba iqhubekisele phambili imijelo yelizwi emininzi, yenza umzila kunye nemisebenzi yolawulo lwenkqubo ngexesha elinye, ayinangqiqo. Ngoko ke, ukusetyenziswa kwe-DSPS enye okanye ngaphezulu kunokukhuphela imisebenzi yokubala ye-algorithm yoxinzelelo lwentetho eyinkimbinkimbi ngaphakathi kwayo ukusuka kwi-CPU ephakathi.Ukongezelela, i-DSPS nayo ifanelekile ukufumanisa umsebenzi wezwi kunye nemisebenzi yokukhansela i-echo, ukuze bakwazi ukucubungula idatha yezwi. qukuqela ngexesha lokwenyani kwaye ube nofikelelo olukhawulezayo kwimemori ekwibhodi .Ngoko ke, kwesi sahluko, indlela yokuphumeza ikhowudi yentetho kunye nokurhoxiswa kwe-echo kwiqonga le-TMS320C6201DSP laziswa ngokweenkcukacha.
Iiprothokholi kunye neSoftware esemgangathweni kunye nehardware H.323 Ubunzima bendlela yokufola ngokufanelekileyo DSP MPLS ileyibhile ukutshintshwa kobunzima obungahleliweyo bubhaqwe kwangethuba Advanced ASIC RTP, RTCP Double Funnel Universal Cell rate algorithm DWDM RSVP rated access Rate SONET Diffserv, CAR Cisco Fast Forwarding CPU Processing power G.729 , G.729a:CS-ACELP Itheyibhile yoFikelelo oloNgezelelweyo ye-ADSL, iRADSL, i-SDSL FRF.11/FRF.12 i-algorithm yebhakethi yebhakethi ye-Multilink PPP Isakhelo soRelay data ye-SIP Ukudityaniswa kwePakethi ye-CoS ephambili kwi-SONET IP kunye ne-ATM QoS/CoS
2, Iisekethe ezidityanisiweyo ezizinikezeleyo eziphambili
Ukuphuhliswa kwe-Application-Specific Integrated Circait (ASIC) ivelise i-ASIC ekhawulezayo, eyinkimbinkimbi kunye neyokusebenza. I-Asics ziitshiphusi ezikhethekileyo zesicelo ezenza isicelo esinye okanye iseti encinci yemisebenzi. Ngokujolisa kwithagethi yesicelo esimxinwa, banokwandiswa kakhulu kumsebenzi othile kwaye badla ngokuba yi-odolo enye okanye ezininzi zobukhulu ngokukhawuleza Njengomyalelo oncitshisiweyo. ukwenza inani eliqingqiweyo lemisebenzi ngokukhawuleza. Xa sele iphuhlisiwe, imveliso ye-ASIC yobuninzi ayibizi kwaye isetyenziselwa izixhobo zenethiwekhi kubandakanyaiirothakunye nokutshintsha, ukwenza ukujonga itafile yokubonisa, ukuhambisa amaqela, ukuhlela amaqela kunye nokukhangela, kunye nokufola. Ukusetyenziswa kwe-ASIC kunika isixhobo ukusebenza okuphezulu kunye neendleko eziphantsi. Banikezela nge-broadband eyandisiweyo kunye nenkxaso ye-QoS engcono yenethiwekhi, ngoko badlala indima enkulu ekukhuthazeni uphuhliso lweVoIP.
3, iteknoloji yothumelo lwe-IP
Uninzi lweenethiwekhi zothumelo lwe-telecom zisebenzisa imowudi yolwahlulo lokuphinda-phinda, ngelixa i-Intanethi kufuneka yamkele ukusetyenziswa kwakhona kwamanani kunye nemowudi yokutshintshiselana ngepakethi ende. Xa kuthelekiswa nezi zimbini, lo mva unomlinganiselo ophezulu wokusetyenziswa kwemithombo yothungelwano, uqhagamshelwano olulula nolusebenzayo kunye nonxibelelwano, kwaye lufanelekile kakhulu kwiinkonzo zedatha, enye yezizathu ezibalulekileyo zokuphuhliswa ngokukhawuleza kwe-Intanethi. Nangona kunjalo, unxibelelwano lwenethiwekhi ye-Broadband ye-IP ibeka phambili iimfuno eziqatha kwi-QoS kunye neempawu zokulibaziseka, ngoko ke uphuhliso lweenkcukacha-manani oluphindaphindwayo oluguquguqukayo lwetekhnoloji yokutshintshela itekhnoloji itsale umdla wabantu. Okwangoku, ukongeza kwisizukulwana esitsha se-IP protocol-ipv6, i-World Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) iphakamise i-Multi-protocol Label Switching technology (MPLS) , luhlobo oluthile lweleyibhile / iteknoloji yokutshintsha itekhnoloji esekelwe kwi-network layer. indlela, enokuthi iphucule ukuguquguquka kwendlela, yandise isakhono sendlela yenethiwekhi, yenza lula ukudityaniswa kweendlela.iirothakunye nokutshintsha iseli. Ukuphucula ukusebenza kweNethiwekhi. I-MPLS ayinakusebenza kuphela njengeprothokholi yomzila ezimeleyo, kodwa iphinde ihambelane neprotocol ekhoyo yomzila womnatha. Ixhasa imisebenzi eyahlukeneyo yokusebenza, ukulawula kunye nokugcinwa kwenethiwekhi ye-IP, kwaye iphucula kakhulu i-QoS, umzila kunye nokubonisa ukusebenza konxibelelwano lwenethiwekhi ye-IP, ukufikelela okanye ukusondela kwinqanaba le-statistical multiplexed Fixed Length packet switching (ATM). Ilula, iyasebenza ngakumbi, inexabiso eliphantsi kwaye isebenza ngakumbi kune-ATM.
I-IETF ikwasebenza kubuchule obutsha bolawulo lweepakethe endaweni ukuze iQoS ilandelelene. Itekhnoloji ye-tunneling iyaphononongwa ukuze kuphunyezwe ukuhanjiswa kwebroadband kumakhonkco angekhoyo. Ukongezelela, indlela yokukhetha i-platform yokuhanjiswa kwenethiwekhi ye-IP nayo iyintsimi ebalulekileyo yophando kwiminyaka yamuva, kwaye i-IP phezu kwe-ATM, i-IP phezu kwe-SDH, i-IP phezu kwe-DWDM kunye nezinye iteknoloji zivele ngokulandelelana.
Umaleko we-IP ubonelela ngeenkonzo zofikelelo lwe-IP ezikumgangatho ophezulu kunye neziqinisekiso ezithile zenkonzo kubasebenzisi be-IP. Uluhlu lomsebenzisi lunikeza ifom yokufikelela (ukufikelela kwe-IP kunye nokufikelela kwi-broadband) kunye nefom yomxholo wenkonzo.Kwisiseko sesiseko, i-Ethernet ngumaleko obonakalayo wenethiwekhi ye-IP, yinto ecacileyo, kodwa i-IP overDWDM iteknoloji yakutshanje, kwaye inomsebenzi omkhulu. amandla ophuhliso.
I-Dense Wave Division MultipLexing (i-DWDM) iphefumlele ubomi obutsha kuthungelwano lwefayibha kwaye yabonelela nge-bandwidth emangalisayo kwiinkampani ze-telecom 'uthungelwano lwe-fiber backbone networks. Itekhnoloji ye-DWDM isebenzisa izakhono zemicu ye-optical kunye nezixhobo eziphambili zokuhambisa ukukhanya. Igama le-multiplexing yolwahlulo lwamaza livela ekuhanjisweni kwamaza okukhanya amaninzi (LASER) ukusuka kumtya omnye we-fiber optical. Iinkqubo zangoku ziyakwazi ukuthumela kunye nokuchonga i-wavelengths ye-16, ngelixa iinkqubo ezizayo zinokuxhasa i-40 kwi-96 epheleleyo yamaza. Oku kubalulekile kuba ubude bobude obongezelelweyo bongeza ukuhamba okongeziweyo kolwazi. Ngoko inethiwekhi ye-2.6 Gbit / s (OC-48) inokwandiswa ngamaxesha angama-16 ngaphandle kokubeka iifayili ezintsha.
Uninzi lwamanethiwekhi amatsha amatsha aqhuba i-OC-192 kwi- (9.6 Gbit / s), amandla okuvelisa ngaphezu kwe-150 Gbit / s kwi-pair of fibers xa zidibaniswe ne-DWDM.Ukongezelela, i-DWDM inikeza i-protocol ye-interface kunye nesantya seempawu ezizimeleyo, kwi-fiber can inkxaso ye-ATM, i-SDH kunye ne-Gigabit Ethernet yokudluliselwa komqondiso ngexesha elifanayo, ngoko iyakwazi ukuhambelana nothungelwano olwahlukeneyo oluye lwakhiwe ngoku, ngoko i-DWDM ayikwazi ukukhusela kuphela iziseko ezikhoyo, kodwa inokubonelela ngenethiwekhi ye-backbone enamandla ngakumbi kwi-ISP. kunye neenkampani ze-telecom ezinobubanzi bayo obukhulu. Kwaye wenze i-broadband ingabizi kwaye ifikeleleke ngakumbi, ebonelela ngenkxaso eqinile kwiimfuno ze-bandwidth yezisombululo zeVoIP.
Isantya sothumelo esongeziweyo asikwazi nje ukubonelela ngombhobho otyebileyo onethuba elincinci lokuthintela, kodwa kwakhona lenze ukulibaziseka kuphantsi kakhulu, kwaye ngoko kunokunciphisa iimfuno ze-QoS kwiinethiwekhi ze-IP kwinqanaba elikhulu.
4. Itekhnoloji yokufikelela kwibroadband
Ukufikelela komsebenzisi kwinethiwekhi ye-IP kuye kwaba ngumqobo othintela uphuhliso lwenethiwekhi yonke. Ekuhambeni kwexesha, eyona njongo yokufikelela komsebenzisi yifiber-to-the-home (FTTH). Ukuthetha ngokubanzi, inethiwekhi yokufikelela kwi-optical ibandakanya inkqubo ye-optical digital loop carrier kunye ne-passive optical network. Eyangaphambili i-United States, idibene nomlomo ovulekileyo we-V5.1 / V5.2, ihambisa inkqubo yayo edibeneyo kwi-fiber optical, ebonisa amandla amakhulu. Aba bamva ikakhulu baseJapan naseJamani. IJapan iye yazingisa kuphando iminyaka engaphezu kweshumi, kwaye yathatha uthotho lwamanyathelo okunciphisa iindleko zothungelwano lwe-passive optical ukuya kwinqanaba elifanayo kunye neentambo zobhedu kunye neengcingo zentsimbi eziphothiweyo, kunye nenani elikhulu lokusetyenziswa. Ngokukodwa kwiminyaka yakutshanje, i-ITU iphakamise i-ATM esekelwe kwi-Passive optical Network (APON), edibanisa iingenelo ze-ATM kunye ne-passive optical network. Izinga lokufikelela linokufikelela kwi-622M bit / s, enenzuzo kakhulu ekuphuhlisweni kweenkonzo ze-multimedia ze-IP ye-broadband, kwaye inokunciphisa izinga lokungaphumeleli kunye nenani leendawo, kunye nokwandisa indawo yokugubungela. Okwangoku, i-ITU iwugqibile umsebenzi wokulinganisa, kwaye abavelisi abohlukeneyo bayawuphuhlisa. Kungekudala kuya kubakho iimveliso kwimarike, kwaye iya kuba yeyona ndlela iphambili yophuhliso lwetekhnoloji yokufikelela kwibroadband ejongene nenkulungwane yama-21.
Okwangoku, ubugcisa obuphambili bokufikelela bu: PSTN, IADN, ADSL, CM, DDN, X.25, Ethernet kunye ne-broadband wireless access system. Ezi teknoloji zokufikelela zineempawu zazo, phakathi kwazo ukuphuhliswa ngokukhawuleza yi-ADSL kunye neCM; I-CM (iModem yeCable) ithatha intambo ye-coaxial enezinga eliphezulu lokudluliselwa kunye nekhono elinamandla lokuchasana nokuphazamiseka; kodwa hayi indlela ezimbini zothumelo, akukho mgangatho umanyeneyo.
I-ADSL(i-Asymmetrical Digital Loop) ibonelela ngofikelelo olukhethekileyo kwibroadband, isebenzisa ngokupheleleyo uthungelwano lwemfonomfono olukhoyo, kwaye ibonelela ngesantya sothumelo lwe-asymmetric. Izinga lokukhuphela kwicala lomsebenzisi linokufikelela kwi-8 Mbit / s, kwaye izinga lokulayisha kwicala lomsebenzisi linokufikelela kwi-1M bit / s. I-ADSL ibonelela nge-broadband efunekayo kumashishini kunye nabasebenzisi ngabanye, kwaye inciphisa kakhulu iindleko. Ukusebenzisa iisekethe zengingqi ze-ADSL zexabiso eliphantsi, iinkampani ngoku ziyakwazi ukufikelela kwi-Intanethi kunye ne-Intanethi ye-VPN esekelwe kumnikezeli wenkonzo ngezantya eziphezulu, ezivumela umthamo ophezulu wokufowuna weVoIP.
5. Itekhnoloji yeyunithi yokucubungula esembindini
Iiyunithi zokusetyenzwa kweCentral (cpus) ziyaqhubeka nokuguquka ngokwemigaqo yokusebenza, amandla kunye nesantya. Oku kwenza ukuba i-PCS yemultimedia isetyenziswe ngokubanzi kwaye iphucule ukusebenza kwemisebenzi yenkqubo elinganiselwe ngamandla e-CPU. Ukukwazi kwe-PCS ukuphatha idatha yokusasazwa kweaudio kunye nevidiyo kudala ilindelwe kubasebenzisi, ke ukuhambisa iifowuni zelizwi kwiinethiwekhi zedatha yayilinyathelo elilandelayo elinengqiqo. Esi sixhobo sokubala senza ukuba usetyenziso lwe-desktop yemultimedia ephuculweyo kunye neempawu eziphambili kumacandelo enethiwekhi ukuxhasa usetyenziso lwelizwi.
VOIP yeyethuI-ONUiimveliso zenethiwekhi kwishishini, kunye neemveliso ezishushu zenethiwekhi zenkampani yethu zigubungela iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zeI-ONUseries, kubandakanywa ACI-ONU/ unxibelelwanoI-ONU/ okrelekreleI-ONU/ ibhokisiI-ONU/ izibuko zePON ezimbiniI-ONU, njl.
OkungentlaI-ONUiimveliso zothotho zingasetyenziselwa iimfuno zenethiwekhi yeemeko ezahlukeneyo. Wamkelekile ukuba ube nolwazi olunzulu lobugcisa beemveliso.
