Ukuqonda ukuxhumana kwedatha kunethiwekhi kuyinkimbinkimbi. Kulesi sihloko ngizobonisa kalula ukuthi amakhompiyutha amabili axhumana kanjani, adlulise futhi athole ulwazi lwedatha futhi nephrothokholi ye-Tcp/IP yesendlalelo ezinhlanu.
Kuyini ukuxhumana kwedatha?
Igama elithi "ukuxhumana ngedatha" lisetshenziselwa ukuchaza ukudluliswa kolwazi kusuka endaweni eyodwa kuya kwenye kusetshenziswa into efana noxhumano lwezintambo. Uma wonke amadivayisi ashintshisana ngedatha esakhiweni esifanayo noma eduzane, sithi ukudluliswa kwedatha kungokwasendaweni.
Kulo mongo, “umthombo” kanye “nomamukeli” anezincazelo eziqondile. Umthombo ubhekisela kumpahla yokudlulisa idatha, kuyilapho umamukeli ebhekisela kudivayisi eyamukela idatha. Umgomo wokuxhumana kwedatha akukhona ukudalwa kolwazi emthonjeni noma endaweni, kodwa kunalokho ukudluliswa kwedatha nokugcinwa kwedatha phakathi nenqubo.
Amasistimu okuxhumana ngedatha ngokuvamile asebenzisa imigqa yokudluliswa kwedatha ukuze athole idatha evela ezindaweni ezikude futhi athumele imiphumela ecutshunguliwe emuva kulezo zindawo ezikude ezifanayo. Umdwebo osesithombeni unikeza ukubuka konke okubanzi kwamanethiwekhi okuxhumana kwedatha. Izindlela eziningi zokuxhumana ngedatha ezisetshenziswayo njengamanje zathuthukiswa kancane kancane, njengokuthuthuka kumasu okuxhumana edatha akhona ngaphambili noma njengokuthatha indawo yawo. Bese kuba khona isizinda semayini ye-lexical okuwukuxhumana kwedatha, okuhlanganisa amagama afana ne-baud rate, amamodemu, amarutha, i-LAN, i-WAN, i-TCP/IP, okuyi-ISDN, futhi okumele iqondiswe lapho kunqunywa indlela yokudlulisela. Ngenxa yalokho, kubalulekile ukubheka emuva futhi uthole isibambo kule miqondo kanye nokuvela kwamasu okuxhumana kwedatha.
Iphrothokholi yezendlalelo ezinhlanu ze-TCP/IP:
Ukuqinisekisa ukuthi i-TCP/IP isebenza kahle, kufanele sinikeze ubuncane obuncane bedatha eyidingayo ngefomethi eqondwa emhlabeni wonke kuwo wonke amanethiwekhi. Isakhiwo sesoftware esinezendlalelo ezinhlanu senza le fomethi yenzeke.
I-TCP/IP ithola okuyisisekelo ekudingayo ukuze idlulise idatha yethu kunethiwekhi yonkana kusukela kulezi zingqimba. Imisebenzi ihlelwa “izendlalelo” eziqondene nomsebenzi lapha. Asikho isici esisodwa kule modeli esingasizi ngokuqondile isendlalelo esisodwa kweziningi ekwenzeni umsebenzi waso kangcono.
Izendlalelo kuphela ezincikene ezingaxhumana. Izinhlelo ezisebenza kuzendlalelo eziphakeme zikhululiwe kusibopho sokwenza ikhodi kuzendlalelo eziphansi. Ukusungula ukuxhumana nosokhaya okude, isibonelo, ikhodi yesicelo kufanele yazi ukuthi usenza kanjani isicelo kungqimba yezokuthutha. Ingasebenza ngaphandle kokuqonda uhlelo lombhalo wekhodi oluyisisekelo lwedatha ethunyelwayo. Kuku-Physical layer ukusingatha lokho. Iphethe ukudlulisa idatha eluhlaza, okuwuchungechunge nje lwama-0s no-1s, kanye nokulawulwa kwe-bitrate rate nokuchaza uxhumano, ubuchwepheshe obungenawaya noma ikhebula likagesi elixhumanisa amadivaysi.
Iphrothokholi ye-TCP/IP enezingqimba ezinhlanu ifaka phakathiIsendlalelo Sohlelo, Isendlalelo Sezokuthutha, Isendlalelo Senethiwekhi, Isendlalelo Sesixhumanisi Sedatha, Nesendlalelo Esibonakalayo, Ake sifunde ngalezendlalelo ze-TCP/IP.
1. Isendlalelo esibonakalayo:Isendlalelo esibonakalayo siphatha isixhumanisi sangempela esinezintambo noma esingenantambo phakathi kwamadivayisi akunethiwekhi. Ichaza isixhumi, uxhumo olunezintambo noma olungenantambo phakathi kwamadivayisi, futhi ithumela idatha eluhlaza (okungu-0 nowoku-1) kanye nokulawula izinga lokudluliswa kwedatha.
2. Isendlalelo Sesixhumanisi Sedatha:Ukuxhumana phakathi kwamanodi amabili axhumeke ngokomzimba kunethiwekhi kuyasungulwa futhi kunqanyulwe kusendlalelo sesixhumanisi sedatha. Lokhu ikwenza ngokuhlukanisa amaphakethe edatha abe ozimele ngaphambi kokuwathumela endleleni yawo. I-Media Access Control (MAC) isebenzisa amakheli e-MAC ukuze ixhumanise amadivayisi futhi icacise amalungelo okudlulisa nokwamukela idatha, kuyilapho i-Logical Link Control (LLC) ihlonza izivumelwano zenethiwekhi, ihlola amaphutha, futhi ivumelanisa amafreyimu.
3. Isendlalelo Senethiwekhi:Ukuxhumana phakathi kwamanethiwekhi kuwumgogodla we-inthanethi. “Isendlalelo senethiwekhi” senqubo yezokuxhumana ku-inthanethi kulapho lokhu kuxhumana kwenziwa khona ngokushintshisana ngamaphakethe edatha phakathi kwamanethiwekhi Isendlalelo sesithathu se-Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) Model isendlalelo senethiwekhi. Amaphrothokholi amaningana, okuhlanganisa i-Internet Protocol (IP), asetshenziswa kuleli zinga ngezinjongo ezinjengokuhola, ukuhlola, nokubethela.
4. Isendlalelo sezokuthutha:Ukuthola ukuxhumana phakathi komsingathi nomsingathi kungumthwalo wemfanelo wezendlalelo zenethiwekhi. Ngenkathi isibopho sesendlalelo sezokuthutha siwukusungula uxhumano lwembobo ukuya echwebeni. Sidlulise ngempumelelo idatha isuka ku-Computer A iye ku-B ngokusebenzisana kwesendlalelo esibonakalayo, isendlalelo sesixhumanisi sedatha nesendlalelo senethiwekhi. Ngemva kokuthumela idatha kukhompyutha A-to-B ingabe ikhompuyutha B ingabona kanjani ukuthi yiluphi uhlelo lokusebenza idatha edluliswayo?
Ngokufanelekile, kuyadingeka ukwabela ukucubungula kuhlelo lokusebenza oluthile ngembobo . Ngakho, ikheli lasesizindeni se-inthanethi kanye nenombolo yembobo kungasetshenziswa ukuhlonza ngokukhethekile uhlelo olusebenzayo lomsingathi.
5. Isendlalelo sohlelo lokusebenza:Iziphequluli namaklayenti e-imeyili ayizibonelo zesofthiwe eseceleni kweklayenti esebenza kusendlalelo sohlelo lokusebenza. Izinqubo zenziwa zitholakale ezisiza ukuxhumana phakathi kwezinhlelo nokuboniswa kolwazi oluwusizo kubasebenzisi bokugcina. I-Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP), File Transfer Protocol (FTP), Post Office Protocol (POP), Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP), and Domain Name System (DNS) zonke izibonelo zezivumelwano ezisebenza kusendlalelo sohlelo (DNS) .