I-Encyclopedia ye-Optical Fiber Transmission

Izinzuzo zokuxhumana nge-fiber optic:

● Amandla okuxhumana amakhulu

● Ibanga elide lokudlulisa

● Akukho ukuphazamiseka kazibuthe

● Izinsiza ezicebile

● Isisindo esincane nosayizi omncane

Umlando Omfishane Wokuxhumana Kwamehlo

Eminyakeni engaphezu kuka-2000 edlule, ama-beacon-lights, semaphores

1880, ukuxhumana optical ngocingo-wireless optical

Ngo-1970, ukuxhumana kwe-fiber optic

● Ngo-1966, "Ubaba We-Optical Fiber", uDkt. Gao Yong waqala ukuphakamisa umqondo wokuxhumana kwe-fiber optical.

● Ngo-1970, i-Lin Yanxiong ye-Bell Yan Institute kwakuyi-laser ye-semiconductor engasebenza ngokuqhubekayo ezingeni lokushisa elivamile.

● Ngo-1970, i-Corning's Kapron yenza ukulahlekelwa kwefayibha engu-20dB/km.

● Ngo-1977, ulayini wokuqala wezohwebo waseChicago ongu-45Mb / s.

I-electromagnetic spectrum

Ukuhlukaniswa kwebhendi yezokuxhumana kanye nemidiya yokudlulisa ehambisanayo

I-refraction / reflection kanye nokubonakaliswa okuphelele kokukhanya

Ngenxa yokuthi ukukhanya kuhamba ngendlela ehlukile ezintweni ezihlukene, lapho ukukhanya kukhishwa kwenye into kuye kwenye, ukuphindaphinda nokubonakaliswa kwenzeka endaweni ehlangana phakathi kwalezi zinto ezimbili. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-engeli yokukhanya okuphindiwe iyahlukahluka kuye nge-engeli yokukhanya kwesigameko. Uma i-engeli yokukhanya kwesigameko ifinyelela noma idlula i-engeli ethile, ukukhanya okuphindiwe kuzonyamalala, futhi konke ukukhanya kwesigameko kuzoboniswa emuva. Lokhu ukubonakaliswa okuphelele kokukhanya. Izinto ezisetshenziswayo ezihlukene zinama-engeli okuphikisa ahlukene obude beza obufanayo bokukhanya (okungukuthi, izinto ezihlukile zinezinkomba ezihlukene zokuphinda zikhanye), futhi izinto ezifanayo zinama-engeli ahlukene okuphikisa amaza ahlukene okukhanya. Ukuxhumana kwe-fiber optical kusekelwe ezimisweni ezingenhla.

Ukusatshalaliswa kwe-reflectivity: Ipharamitha ebalulekile yokubonisa izinto ezibonakalayo yinkomba ye-refractive, emelwe ngu-N. Isilinganiso sejubane lokukhanya C ku-vacuum kuya kusivinini sokukhanya V endabeni yinkomba ye-refractive yento.

N = C/V

Inkomba ye-refractive yengilazi ye-quartz yokuxhumana nge-fiber optical icishe ibe ngu-1.5.

Isakhiwo se-Fiber

I-fiber bare fiber ngokuvamile ihlukaniswe ngezigaba ezintathu:

Isendlalelo sokuqala: inkomba yengilazi ephezulu ephakathi nendawo (ububanzi bomnyombo ngokuvamile bungu-9-10μm, (imodi eyodwa) 50 noma 62.5 (multimode).

Isendlalelo sesibili: esiphakathi nendawo yingilazi yengilazi enenkomba ephansi ye-refractive silica (ububanzi ngokuvamile bungu-125μm).

Ungqimba lwesithathu: olungaphandle luyi-resin enamathelayo yokuqinisa.

I-1) ingqikithi: inkomba ephezulu ye-refractive, esetshenziselwa ukudlulisa ukukhanya;

I-2) I-Cladding coating: inkomba ephansi ye-refractive, eyenza isimo esiphelele sokubonisa ngengqikithi;

I-3) Ijakhethi yokuzivikela: Inamandla amakhulu futhi ingakwazi ukumelana nemithelela emikhulu ukuvikela i-fiber optical.

3mm ikhebula optical: orange, MM, multi-mode; ophuzi, i-SM, imodi eyodwa

Usayizi we-fiber

Ububanzi bangaphandle ngokuvamile bungu-125um (isilinganiso esingu-100um ngezinwele zonke)

Ububanzi bangaphakathi: imodi eyodwa 9um; i-multimode 50 / 62.5um

Ukuvuleka kwezinombolo

Akusona sonke isigameko sokukhanya esisekugcineni kwe-fiber optical esingadluliswa yi-fiber optical, kodwa ukukhanya kwesigameko kuphela phakathi kohlu oluthile lwama-engeli. Le engeli ibizwa ngokuthi i-aperture yezinombolo yefiber. Ukuvuleka kwezinombolo kwefiber optical kunenzuzo ekumiseni i-fiber optical. Abakhiqizi abahlukene banezikhala zezinombolo ezihlukene.

Uhlobo lwefiber

Ngokwemodi yokudlulisa ukukhanya ku-fiber optical, ingahlukaniswa ibe:

Imodi Eningi (isifinyezo: MM); Imodi Eyodwa (isifinyezo: SM)

I-Multimode fiber: Ingqikithi yengilazi emaphakathi ishubile (50 noma 62.5μm) futhi ingadlulisela ukukhanya ngezindlela eziningi. Kodwa-ke, ukuhlakazeka kwayo kwe-inter-mode kukhulu, okukhawulela imvamisa yokudlulisa amasignali edijithali, futhi kuzoba kubi kakhulu ngebanga elikhulayo.Isibonelo: i-600MB / KM fiber inomkhawulokudonsa ongu-300MB kuphela ku-2KM. Ngakho-ke, ibanga lokudlulisela le-multi-mode fiber lifushane, ngokuvamile lingamakhilomitha ambalwa kuphela.

I-fiber yemodi eyodwa: Umongo wengilazi omaphakathi mncane kakhulu (ububanzi obuwumgogodla ngokuvamile buyisi-9 noma 10μm), futhi ingadlulisela ukukhanya ngemodi eyodwa kuphela. Eqinisweni, iwuhlobo lwe-fiber optical yesinyathelo, kodwa ububanzi obuyisisekelo buncane kakhulu. Ngokombono, ukukhanya okuqondile kuphela kwendlela eyodwa yokusabalalisa kuvunyelwe ukungena ku-fiber futhi kusakaze ngokuqondile ku-fiber core. I-fiber pulse ayeluleki kancane.Ngakho-ke, ukuhlakazeka kwayo kwe-inter-mode kuncane futhi kulungele ukuxhumana okukude, kodwa ukuhlakazeka kwayo kwe-chromatic kudlala indima enkulu. Ngale ndlela, i-fiber yemodi eyodwa inezidingo eziphakeme zobubanzi be-spectral nokuzinza komthombo wokukhanya, okungukuthi, ububanzi be-spectral buncane futhi ukuzinza kuhle. .

Ukuhlukaniswa kwemicu ye-optical

Ngempahla:

I-Glass fiber: I-core kanye ne-cladding yenziwe ngengilazi, ngokulahlekelwa okuncane, ibanga elide lokudlulisela kanye nezindleko eziphezulu;

I-silicon optical fiber embozwe ngenjoloba: umongo uyingilazi futhi i-cladding iyipulasitiki, enezici ezifanayo ne-glass fiber kanye nezindleko eziphansi;

I-Plastiki optical fiber: Kokubili umnyombo kanye nesigqoko kuyipulasitiki, nokulahlekelwa okukhulu, ibanga elifushane lokudlulisela, kanye nenani eliphansi. Isetshenziselwa kakhulu izinto zikagesi zasekhaya, umsindo, kanye nokudlulisa izithombe ezikude.

Ngokwefasitela elilungile lemvamisa yokudlulisela: i-fiber yemodi eyodwa evamile kanye ne-dispersion-shifted single-mode fiber.

Uhlobo olujwayelekile: Indlu yokukhiqiza i-fiber optical ithuthukisa imvamisa yokudlulisa i-fiber optical ebangeni elilodwa lokukhanya, elifana no-1300nm.

Uhlobo olushintshiwe lokuhlakazeka: Umkhiqizi we-fiber optics ulungiselela imvamisa yokudlulisa i-fiber kumaza amaza okukhanya amabili, njengalokhu: 1300nm no-1550nm.

Ukushintsha okungazelelwe: Inkomba ye-refractive ye-fiber core kuya ku-cladding yengilazi ivele ngokushesha. Inezindleko eziphansi kanye nokuhlakazeka okuphezulu kwe-inter-mode. Ifanele ukuxhumana kwebanga elifushane ngesivinini esiphansi, njengokulawula kwezimboni. Kodwa-ke, i-fiber yemodi eyodwa isebenzisa uhlobo lokuguqulwa ngenxa yokuhlakazeka okuncane kwe-inter-mode.

I-Gradient fiber: inkomba ye-refractive ye-fiber core kuya ku-cladding yeglasi iyancishiswa kancane kancane, ivumela ukukhanya kwemodi ephezulu ukuthi kusakazeke ngendlela ye-sinusoidal, enganciphisa ukuhlakazeka phakathi kwezindlela, ukwandisa i-fiber bandwidth, nokwandisa ibanga lokudlulisela, kodwa izindleko I-fiber yemodi ephezulu iningi le-fiber esezingeni.

Imininingwane ye-fiber ejwayelekile

Usayizi wefiber:

1) Imodi eyodwa ububanzi core: 9 / 125μm, 10/125μm

2) Idayamitha yokugqoka yangaphandle (2D) = 125μm

3) I-diameter ye-coating yangaphandle = 250μm

4) I-Pigtail: 300μm

5) I-Multimode: 50/125μm, izinga laseYurophu; 62.5 / 125μm, izinga laseMelika

6) Amanethiwekhi ezimboni, ezokwelapha kanye nesivinini esiphansi: 100/140μm, 200/230μm

7) Ipulasitiki: 98 / 1000μm, esetshenziselwa ukulawula imoto

Ukunciphisa i-fiber

Izici eziyinhloko ezibangela ukuncipha kwe-fiber yilezi: okungaphakathi, ukugoba, ukukhama, ukungcola, ukungalingani kanye nezinqe.

I-Intrinsic: Ukulahlekelwa okungokwemvelo kwe-fiber optical, okuhlanganisa: Ukuhlakazeka kwe-Rayleigh, ukumuncwa kwangaphakathi, njll.

Goba: Uma i-fiber igobile, ukukhanya engxenyeni yefiber kuzolahleka ngenxa yokuhlakazeka, okuholela ekulahlekelweni.

Ukukhama: ukulahlekelwa okubangelwa ukugoba kancane kwefayibha lapho ukhanywa.

Ukungcola: Ukungcola okuku-fiber optical kudonsa futhi kuhlakaze ukukhanya okudluliswa ku-fiber, okubangela ukulahlekelwa.

I-Non-uniform: Ukulahlekelwa okubangelwa inkomba ye-refractive engalingani ye-fiber material.

Docking: Ukulahlekelwa okudaleka ngesikhathi sokudotshwa kwefayibha, njengalokhu: izimbazo ezihlukene (imfuneko yefiber coaxiality yemodi eyodwa ingaphansi kuka-0.8μm), ubuso bokuphela abuhambisani ne-eksisi, ubuso bokugcina abulingani, ububanzi be-butt core abufani, futhi ikhwalithi yokuhlanganisa ayilungile.

Uhlobo lwekhebuli yokubona

I-1) Ngokusho kwezindlela zokubeka: izintambo ezibonakalayo ezizisekelayo, izintambo ezibonakalayo zepayipi, izintambo ze-armored ezingcwatshwe optical kanye nezintambo ze-submarine optical.

I-2) Ngokwesakhiwo sekhebula le-optical, kukhona: ikhebula le-tube optical elihlanganisiwe, ikhebula elisontekile elisontekile, ikhebula elibamba ngokuqinile, ikhebula le-ribbon optical, ikhebula le-non-metal optical kanye nekhebula le-branchable optical.

3) Ngokuvumelana nenjongo: izintambo ezibonakalayo zokuxhumana okude, izintambo ezibonakalayo zangaphandle zebanga elifushane, izintambo ze-hybrid optical, kanye nezintambo ezibonakalayo zezakhiwo.

Ukuxhumana nokuqedwa kwezintambo ze-optical

Ukuxhunywa nokunqanyulwa kwezintambo ezibonakalayo kungamakhono ayisisekelo okumele abasebenzi bokulungisa ikhebula le-optical bawalawule.

Ukuhlukaniswa kobuchwepheshe bokuxhuma i-fiber optical:

I-1) Ubuchwepheshe bokuxhuma kwe-fiber optical kanye nobuchwepheshe bokuxhumeka kwekhebula le-optical yizingxenye ezimbili.

I-2) Ukuphela kwekhebula le-optical kufana nokuxhumeka kwekhebula le-optical, ngaphandle kokuthi ukusebenza kufanele kuhluke ngenxa yezinto ezihlukene zokuxhuma.

Uhlobo lokuxhuma kwe-fiber

Ukuxhumeka kwekhebula le-fiber optic ngokuvamile kungahlukaniswa izigaba ezimbili:

1) Uxhumano olungaguquki lwefiber optical (eyaziwa kakhulu ngokuthi isixhumi esifile). Ngokuvamile sebenzisa i-optical fibre fusion splicer; esetshenziselwa ikhanda eliqondile lekhebula le-optical.

2) Isixhumi esisebenzayo se-fiber optical (eyaziwa kakhulu ngokuthi isixhumi esibukhoma). Sebenzisa izixhumi ezikhiphekayo (ezaziwa kakhulu ngokuthi amalunga axegayo). Okwe-fiber jumper, uxhumano lwemishini, njll.

Ngenxa yokungapheleli kobuso bokugcina be-fiber optical kanye nokungafani kokucindezela kobuso bokugcina be-fiber optical, ukulahlekelwa kwe-splice ye-fiber optical ngokukhipha okukodwa kusekukhulu uma kuqhathaniswa, futhi indlela yokuhlanganisa yokukhishwa kwesibili. isisetshenziswa manje. Okokuqala, shisa futhi ukhiphe ubuso bokugcina be-fiber, ulolonge ubuso bokuphela, susa uthuli nemfucumfucu, futhi wenze ukucindezela kokuphela kwe-fiber uniform ngokushisa kuqala.

Indlela yokuqapha yokulahleka kokuxhumeka kwe-fiber optical

Kunezindlela ezintathu zokuqapha ukulahleka kokuxhumeka kwefayibha:

1. Gada ku-splicer.

2. Ukuqapha umthombo wokukhanya kanye imitha yamandla optical.

3.OTDR indlela yokulinganisa

Indlela yokusebenza yokuxhumeka kwe-fiber optical

Imisebenzi yokuxhuma i-Optical fiber ngokuvamile ihlukaniswe yaba:

1. Ukuphatha ubuso be-fiber ekupheleni.

2. Ukufakwa kokuxhuma kwe-fiber optical.

3. Ukufakwa kwe-fiber optical.

4. Ukuvikelwa kwezixhumi ze-fiber optical.

5. Kunezinyathelo ezinhlanu zethreyi lefibre elisele.

Ngokuvamile, ukuxhunywa kwayo yonke ikhebula le-optical kwenziwa ngokulandela lezi zinyathelo ezilandelayo:

Isinyathelo1: ubude obuningi obuhle, vula futhi ukhumule ikhebula le-optical, susa i-cable sheath

Isinyathelo sesi-2: Hlanza futhi ususe ukunamathisela kokugcwalisa i-petroleum kukhebula lokukhanya.

Isinyathelo sesi-3: Hlanganisa i-fiber.

Isinyathelo sesi-4: Hlola inani lama-fiber cores, yenza ukubhanqa i-fiber, futhi uhlole ukuthi amalebula ombala wefayibha alungile yini.

Isinyathelo sesi-5: Qinisa ukuxhumana kwenhliziyo;

Isinyathelo 6: Amapheya emigqa ayisizayo ahlukahlukene, okuhlanganisa amapheya emigqa yebhizinisi, amapheya emigqa yokulawula, imigqa yaphansi evikelekile, njll. (uma amapheya emigqa ebalulwe ngenhla etholakala.

Isinyathelo sesi-7: Xhuma i-fiber.

Isinyathelo sesi-8: Vikela isixhumi se-fiber optical;

Isinyathelo sesi-9: ukugcinwa kwempahla yefiber esele;

Isinyathelo se-10: Qedela ukuxhuma kwejaji lekhebula le-optical;

Isinyathelo 11: Ukuvikelwa kwezixhumi ze-fiber optic

Ukulahleka kwe-fiber

1310 nm: 0.35 ~ 0.5 dB / Km

1550 nm: 0.2 ~ 0.3dB / Km

850 nm: 2.3 kuya ku-3.4 dB / Km

Ukulahleka kwephoyinti le-fiber fusion: 0.08dB / iphuzu

Iphuzu lokuhlanganisa i-fiber 1 iphoyinti / 2km

Amagama wefiber ajwayelekile

1) Ukunciphisa

I-Attenuation: ukulahlekelwa kwamandla lapho ukukhanya kudluliselwa ku-fiber optical, i-fiber yemodi eyodwa 1310nm 0.4 ~ 0.6dB / km, 1550nm 0.2 ~ 0.3dB / km; i-plastic multimode fiber 300dB / km

2) Ukuhlakazeka

Ukuhlakazeka: Umkhawulokudonsa wama-pulses okukhanya uyakhuphuka ngemva kokuhamba ibanga elithile ku-fiber. Yisici esiyinhloko esikhawulela izinga lokudlulisela.

I-Inter-mode dispersion: Kuvela kuphela kuma-multimode fibers, ngoba izindlela ezihlukene zokukhanya zihamba ezindleleni ezihlukene.

Ukuhlakazwa kwempahla: Ubude beza obuhlukile bokuhamba kokukhanya ngesivinini esihlukile.

Ukuhlakazeka kwe-Waveguide: Lokhu kwenzeka ngenxa yokuthi amandla okukhanya ahamba ngesivinini esithe ukuhluka kancane njengoba ehamba phakathi nendawo kanye nokuhlanganisa. Ku-fiber yemodi eyodwa, kubaluleke kakhulu ukushintsha ukuhlakazeka kwe-fiber ngokushintsha isakhiwo sangaphakathi se-fiber.

Uhlobo lweFiber

Iphoyinti le-G.652 elinguziro lokuhlakazeka licishe libe ngu-1300nm

Iphoyinti lokuhlakazeka elinguziro elingu-G.653 licishe libe ngu-1550nm

G.654 i-negative dispersion fiber

I-G.655 i-dispersion-shifted fiber

I-fiber ye-wave egcwele

3) ukuhlakazeka

Ngenxa yesakhiwo esiyisisekelo esingaphelele sokukhanya, ukulahlekelwa amandla okukhanya kubangelwa, futhi ukudluliswa kokukhanya ngalesi sikhathi akusenakho ukuqondisa okuhle.

Ulwazi oluyisisekelo lwe-fiber optic system

Isingeniso sezakhiwo nemisebenzi yesistimu ye-fiber optic eyisisekelo:

1. Iyunithi yokuthumela: iguqula amasignali kagesi abe amasignali optical;

2. Iyunithi yokudlulisa: i-medium ephethe amasignali abonakalayo;

3. Iyunithi yokwamukela: ithola amasignali optical futhi iwaguqule abe amasignali kagesi;

4. Xhuma idivayisi: xhuma i-fiber optical emthonjeni wokukhanya, ukutholwa kokukhanya neminye imicu yokubona.

Izinhlobo zezixhumi ezijwayelekile

Uhlobo lobuso lwesixhumi

Umbhangqwana

Umsebenzi oyinhloko ukusabalalisa amasignali optical. Izinhlelo zokusebenza ezibalulekile zikunethiwekhi yefiber optical, ikakhulukazi kumanethiwekhi endawo kanye nakumadivayisi wokuphindaphinda we-wavelength division.

isakhiwo esiyisisekelo

I-coupler iyisisetshenziswa sokungenzi lutho esinezinhlangothi ezimbili. Amafomu ayisisekelo yisihlahla nenkanyezi. I-coupler ihambisana nesihlukanisi.

I-WDM

I-WDM-I-Wavelength Division Multiplexer idlulisela amasignali amaningi optical ku-fiber eyodwa optical. Lawa masignali okubona abe namafrikhwensi ahlukene nemibala ehlukene. I-multiplexer ye-WDM iwukuhlanganisa amasignali amaningi optical ku-fiber optical efanayo; i-multiplexing multiplexer iwukuhlukanisa amasignali amaningi okubona ku-fiber eyodwa.

I-Wavelength Division Multiplexer (Inganekwane)

Incazelo yama-pulses kumasistimu edijithali:

1. I-Amplitude: Ukuphakama kwe-pulse kumelela amandla okukhanya ohlelweni lwe-fiber optic.

2. Isikhathi sokukhuphuka: isikhathi esidingekayo ukuze ukushaya kwenhliziyo kukhuphuke kusuka ku-10% kuya ku-90% we-amplitude enkulu.

3. Isikhathi sokuwa: isikhathi esidingekayo ukuze ukushaya kwenhliziyo kwehle kusuka ku-90% kuya ku-10% we-amplitude.

4. Ububanzi be-Pulse: Ububanzi be-pulse endaweni ye-amplitude engu-50%, evezwe ngesikhathi.

5. Umjikelezo: isikhathi esiqondile sokushaya kwenhliziyo yisikhathi sokusebenza esidingekayo ukuze uqedele umjikelezo.

6. Isilinganiso sokuqedwa: Isilinganiso samandla okukhanya esignali engu-1 kumandla okukhanya esignali angu-0.

Incazelo yamayunithi avamile ekuxhumaneni kwe-fiber optical:

1.dB = 10 log10 (Pout / PIN)

I-Pout: amandla okukhipha; Iphinikhodi: amandla okufaka

2. dBm = 10 log10 (P / 1mw), okuyiyunithi esetshenziswa kakhulu kwezobunjiniyela bezokuxhumana; ngokuvamile imele amandla okubona nge-milliwatt engu-1 njengereferensi;

isibonelo:-I-10dBm isho ukuthi amandla okubona alingana no-100uw.

3.dBu = 10 log10 (P / 1uw)