Lapho ibhodi lesifunda lithengiswa, ngokuvamile akukona ukunikeza amandla ngokuqondile ebhodini lesifunda lapho kuhlolwa ukuthi ibhodi lesifunda lingasebenza ngokujwayelekile yini. Kunalokho, landela lezi zinyathelo ezingezansi ukuze uqinisekise ukuthi ayikho inkinga esinyathelweni ngasinye bese ukhanyisa akukephuzi kakhulu.
Ukuthi uxhumano lulungile yini
Kubaluleke kakhulu ukuhlola umdwebo wohlelo. Ukuhlola kokuqala kugxile ekutheni amandla e-chip namanodi enethiwekhi anelebula ngendlela efanele yini. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, qaphela ukuthi amanodi enethiwekhi ayagqagqana yini. Elinye iphuzu elibalulekile ukupakishwa koqobo, uhlobo lwephakeji, kanye nephinikhodi yephakheji (khumbula: iphakheji ayikwazi ukusebenzisa ukubuka okuphezulu, ikakhulukazi kumaphakheji angewona amaphini). Hlola ukuthi izintambo zilungile yini, okuhlanganisa izintambo ezingalungile, izintambo ezimbalwa, nezintambo eziningi.
Ngokuvamile kunezindlela ezimbili zokuhlola umugqa:
1. Hlola ama-circuits afakiwe ngokusho komdwebo wesifunda, futhi uhlole ama-circuits afakiwe ngamunye ngamunye ngokusho kwe-wiring yesifunda.
2. Ngokomjikelezo wangempela kanye nomdwebo wohlelo, hlola umugqa onengxenye njengesikhungo. Hlola izintambo zephinikhodi yengxenye ngayinye futhi uhlole ukuthi ingabe indawo ngayinye ikhona kumdwebo wesekethe. Ukuze uvimbele amaphutha, izintambo ezihloliwe kufanele zivame ukuphawulwa kumdwebo wesifunda. Kungcono ukusebenzisa i-pointer multimeter ohm block buzzer test ukuze ulinganise ngokuqondile izikhonkwane zengxenye, ukuze kutholakale izintambo ezimbi ngesikhathi esifanayo.
Ukuthi ukunikezwa kwamandla kufushane
Ungalayishi ngaphambi kokulungisa iphutha, sebenzisa i-multimeter ukuze ulinganise ukuvinjelwa kokufaka kwamandla kagesi. Lesi isinyathelo esidingekayo! Uma ukunikezwa kwamandla kukufushane, kuzokwenza ukuthi ukunikezwa kwamandla kushise noma kube nemiphumela emibi kakhulu. Uma kukhulunywa ngesigaba samandla, i-resistor engu-0 ohm ingasetshenziswa njengendlela yokususa iphutha. Ungadayisi i-resistor ngaphambi kokuvula amandla. Hlola ukuthi i-voltage yomthombo wamandla ijwayelekile yini ngaphambi kokudayisela isixhasi ku-PCB ukuze unike amandla iyunithi ngemuva, ukuze ungabangeli i-chip yeyunithi engemuva ukuthi ishiswe ngenxa yokuthi i-voltage yomthombo wamandla ayijwayelekile. Engeza amasekhethi okuvikela ekwakhiweni kwesekethe, njengokusebenzisa amafuse okuthola kabusha nezinye izingxenye.
Ukufakwa kwengxenye
Hlola ikakhulukazi ukuthi izingxenye ze-polar, ezifana nama-diode akhipha ukukhanya, ama-electrolytic capacitor, ama-rectifier diode, njll., namaphinikhodi e-triode ayahambelana. Ku-triode, i-pin order yabakhiqizi abahlukene abanomsebenzi ofanayo nayo ihlukile, kungcono ukuhlola nge-multimeter.
Ukuhlola okuvuliwe nokufushane kuqala ukuze uqinisekise ukuthi ngeke kube khona ukujikeleza okufushane ngemva kokukhanyisa amandla. Uma amaphuzu okuhlola asethiwe, ungenza okuningi ngokuncane. Ukusetshenziswa kwe-0 ohm resistors kwesinye isikhathi kunenzuzo ekuhlolweni kwesekethe enesivinini esikhulu. Ukuhlola amandla okusebenza kungaqalwa kuphela ngemva kokuhlolwa kwezingxenyekazi zekhompuyutha ezingenhla ngaphambi kokuba amandla aqedwe.
Ukutholwa kwamandla
1. Vula amandla ukuze ubone:
Ungajahi ukukala izinkomba zikagesi ngemva kokukhanyisa, kodwa bheka ukuthi zikhona yini izinto ezingavamile kusekethe, njengokuthi ingabe kukhona intuthu, iphunga elingavamile, thinta iphakheji yangaphandle yesekethe ehlanganisiwe, noma ngabe kuyashisa, njll. kukhona into engavamile, cisha amandla ngokushesha, bese uvula ngemuva kokuxazulula inkinga.
2. Ukulungisa iphutha:
Ukulungisa iphutha okumile ngokuvamile kubhekisela ekuhlolweni kwe-DC okwenziwa ngaphandle kwesignali yokufaka noma isignali yeleveli engashintshi. I-multimeter ingasetshenziswa ukukala amandla ephuzu ngalinye kusekethe. Ngokuqhathanisa nesilinganiso sethiyori, isimiso sesifunda Hlaziya futhi wahlulele ukuthi isimo se-DC sokusebenza sesekethe sijwayelekile, futhi uthole ngokuhamba kwesikhathi ukuthi izingxenye eziseseketheni zonakalisiwe noma zisesimweni esibucayi sokusebenza. Ngokushintsha idivayisi noma ukulungisa amapharamitha wesifunda, isimo sokusebenza se-DC sesekethe sihlangabezana nezidingo zokuklama.
3. Ukulungisa iphutha:
Ukulungisa amaphutha anamandla kwenziwa ngesisekelo sokulungisa iphutha okumile. Izimpawu ezifanelekile zengezwa ekugcineni kokufaka kwesifunda, futhi izimpawu zokukhipha iphuzu ngalinye lokuhlola zitholwa ngokulandelana ngokuvumelana nokugeleza kwamasignali. Uma kutholakala izenzakalo ezingavamile, izizathu kufanele zihlaziywe futhi amaphutha kufanele asuswe. , Bese ususa iphutha uze uhlangabezane nezimfuneko.
Ngesikhathi sokuhlolwa, awukwazi ukuzizwa uwedwa. Kufanele uhlale ubheka ngosizo lwensimbi. Uma usebenzisa i-oscilloscope, kungcono kakhulu ukusetha imodi yokufaka yesignali ye-oscilloscope ku-block "DC". Ngendlela yokuhlanganisa ye-DC, ungakwazi ukubuka izingxenye ze-AC ne-DC zesiginali elinganisiwe ngesikhathi esisodwa. Ngemva kokulungisa iphutha, ekugcineni hlola ukuthi ingabe izinkomba ezihlukahlukene zebhulokhi yomsebenzi nawo wonke umshini (ofana ne-amplitude yesignali, umumo we-waveform, ubudlelwano besigaba, inzuzo, i-impedance yokufaka kanye ne-impedance yokuphumayo, njll.) ihlangabezana nezidingo zokuklama. Uma kudingekile, qhubeka uphakamise imingcele yesifunda Ukulungiswa okunengqondo.
Eminye imisebenzi yokulungisa iphutha lesekethe ye-elekthronikhi
1. Nquma amaphuzu okuhlola:
Ngokwesimiso sokusebenza sohlelo oluzolungiswa, izinyathelo zokuthuma kanye nezindlela zokulinganisa zidwetshiwe, amaphuzu okuhlola ayanqunywa, izikhundla zimakwa emidwebeni nasemabhodini, futhi kwenziwa amafomu okuqoshwa kwedatha.
2. Setha ibhentshi lokulungisa iphutha:
Ibhentshi lokusebenzela lifakwe amathuluzi okulungisa amaphutha adingekayo, futhi okokusebenza kufanele kube lula ukusebenza futhi kube lula ukubonwa. Inothi elikhethekile: Lapho wenza futhi ulungisa iphutha, qiniseka ukuthi uhlela ibhentshi lokusebenza lihlanzekile futhi lihlelekile.
3. Khetha ithuluzi lokulinganisa:
Kumjikelezo wehadiwe, isistimu yokulinganisa kufanele kube ithuluzi lokulinganisa elikhethiwe, futhi ukunemba kwethuluzi lokulinganisa kufanele kube ngcono kunesistimu ehlolwayo; ukuze kulungiswe iphutha lesofthiwe, ikhompuyutha encane kanye nedivayisi yokuthuthukisa kufanele ifakwe.
4. Ukulungisa amaphutha ngokulandelana:
Ukulandelana kokulungisa iphutha kwesekethe ye-elekthronikhi ngokuvamile kwenziwa ngokuya ngesiqondiso sokugeleza kwesignali. Isignali yokuphumayo yesekethe esuswe iphutha ngaphambilini isetshenziswa njengesignali yokufaka yesiteji esilandelayo ukuze kudalwe izimo zokulungiswa kokugcina.
5. Ukusebenza sekukonke:
Kumasekhethi edijithali asetshenziswa kusetshenziswa amadivayisi anengqondo ahlelekayo, okokufaka, ukulungisa amaphutha, nokulandwa kwamafayela omthombo wamadivayisi anengqondo ahlelekayo kufanele kuqedwe, futhi amadivayisi anengqondo ahlelekayo namasekhethi e-analogi kufanele axhunywe ohlelweni lokususa iphutha kukonke kanye nokuhlolwa kwemiphumela.
Izinyathelo zokuqapha ekulungiseni iphutha lesekethe
Ukuthi umphumela wokususa iphutha ulungile yini kuthintwa kakhulu ukulunga kwenani lokuhlola kanye nokunemba kokuhlolwa. Ukuze uqinisekise imiphumela yokuhlolwa, kuyadingeka ukunciphisa iphutha lokuhlola futhi uthuthukise ukunemba kokuhlolwa. Ukuze wenze lokhu, sicela unake amaphuzu alandelayo:
1. Sebenzisa itheminali yaphansi yethuluzi lokuhlola ngendlela efanele. Sebenzisa icala lokunqanyulwa phansi kwethuluzi le-elekthronikhi ukuze uhlole. Itheminali yaphansi kufanele ixhunywe ekugcineni kwe-amplifier. Uma kungenjalo, ukuphazamiseka okwethulwa yi-instrument case ngeke nje kuguqule isimo sokusebenza se-amplifier, kodwa futhi kubangele amaphutha emiphumeleni yokuhlola. . Ngokwalesi simiso, lapho kulungiswa iphutha lesekethe ye-emitter bias, uma kudingekile ukuhlola i-Vce, iziphetho ezimbili zensimbi akufanele zixhunywe ngokuqondile kumqoqi kanye ne-emitter, kodwa i-Vc ne-Ve kufanele ilinganiswe ngokulandelana phansi, futhi bese kuba Abancane ababili. Uma usebenzisa i-multimeter eyomile esebenza ngebhethri ukuze uhlole, amatheminali amabili okokufaka wemitha ayantanta, ukuze ukwazi ukuxhuma ngokuqondile phakathi kwamaphoyinti okuhlola.
2. Ukubambezeleka okokufaka kwethuluzi elisetshenziselwa ukukala i-voltage kumele kube kukhulu kakhulu kunokuvinjelwa okulinganayo endaweni elinganiswayo. Uma ukuvimbela okokufaka kwethuluzi lokuhlola kukuncane, kuzodala i-shunt ngesikhathi sokulinganisa, okuzodala iphutha elikhulu kumphumela wokuhlola.
3. Umkhawulokudonsa wethuluzi lokuhlola kufanele ube mkhulu kunomkhawulokudonsa wesifunda esingaphansi kokuhlolwa.
4. Khetha amaphuzu okuhlola ngendlela efanele. Uma ithuluzi elifanayo lokuhlola lisetshenziselwa ukulinganisa, iphutha elibangelwa ukumelana kwangaphakathi kwethuluzi lizohluka kakhulu uma amaphuzu okulinganisa ehlukile.
5. Indlela yokulinganisa kufanele ibe lula futhi ibe nokwenzeka. Uma kudingekile ukukala i-current of circuit, ngokuvamile kungenzeka ukukala i-voltage esikhundleni samanje, ngoba akudingekile ukuguqula isifunda lapho ulinganisa i-voltage. Uma udinga ukwazi inani lamanje legatsha, ungalithola ngokulinganisa i-voltage ngaphesheya kokumelana kwegatsha futhi uyiguqule.
6. Phakathi nenqubo yokulungisa iphutha, akufanele nje kuphela kubhekwe ngokucophelela futhi kulinganiswe, kodwa futhi kube kuhle ekurekhodeni. Okuqukethwe okurekhodiwe kufaka phakathi izimo zokuhlola, izenzakalo ezibonwayo, idatha elinganisiwe, ama-waveforms, nobudlelwano besigaba. Kuphela ngokuqhathanisa inani elikhulu lamarekhodi okuhlola athembekile nemiphumela yetiyetha, singakwazi ukuthola izinkinga ekwakhiweni kwesekethe futhi sithuthukise uhlelo lokuklama.
Xazulula inkinga ngesikhathi sokulungisa iphutha
Ukuze uthole imbangela yephutha ngokucophelela, ungawususi umugqa bese uwufaka kabusha uma iphutha lingaxazululeki. Ngoba uma kuyinkinga ngokwesimiso, ngisho nokufakwa kabusha ngeke kuyixazulule inkinga.
1. Izindlela ezijwayelekile zokuhlola amaphutha
Ngohlelo oluyinkimbinkimbi, akulula ukuthola ngokunembile amaphutha enanini elikhulu lezingxenye namasekethe. Inqubo yokuxilongwa kwephutha evamile isekelwe entweni yokuhluleka, ngokuhlolwa okuphindaphindiwe, ukuhlaziya nokwahlulela, futhi kancane kancane uthole iphutha.
2. Izigigaba zokwehluleka kanye nezimbangela
● Into evamile yokwehluleka: Ayikho isignali yokokufaka kumjikelezo we-amplifier, kodwa kukhona i-waveform yokuphumayo. Isekethe ye-amplifier inesiginali yokufaka kodwa ayikho i-waveform ephumayo, noma i-waveform ayijwayelekile. Uchungechunge olulawulwayo lwamandla alunawo amandla okukhipha amandla, noma i-voltage ephumayo iphezulu kakhulu ukuthi ingalungiswa,noma ukusebenza kokulawulwa kwamandla kagesi okukhiphayo konakala, futhi i-voltage ephumayo ayizinzile. I-circuit oscillating ayifunikhiqiza i-oscillation, i-waveform ye-counter ayizinzile nokunye.
● Isizathu sokwehluleka: Umkhiqizo ocatshangwayo uyahluleka ngemva kwesikhathi esithile sokusetshenziswa. Kungase kube izingxenye ezilimele, ama-short-circuits namasekhethi avulekile, noma izinguquko ezimweni.
Indlela yokuhlola ukwehluleka
1. Indlela yokubuka eqondile:
Hlola ukuthi ukukhethwa nokusetshenziswa kwethuluzi kulungile yini, ukuthi izinga ne-polarity ye-voltage yokuphakelwa kwamandla kuyahlangabezana yini nezidingo; ukuthi izikhonkwane zengxenye ye-polar zixhunywe ngendlela efanele, nokuthi ingabe kukhona iphutha lokuxhumeka, ukuxhumeka okungekho, noma ukushayisana. Ukuthi i-wiring inengqondo; kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ibhodi eliphrintiwe liyi-short-circuited, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ukumelana namandla ashisiwe futhi aqhekekile. Hlola ukuthi izingxenye ziyashisa yini, intuthu, ukuthi i-transformer inephunga le-coke, ukuthi ingabe i-filament yeshubhu le-electronic kanye neshubhu ye-oscilloscope ivuliwe, nokuthi ingabe kukhona ukuthungela kwamandla kagesi aphezulu.
2. Sebenzisa i-multimeter ukuhlola indawo yokusebenza emile:
Uhlelo lokuphakela amandla lwesekethe ye-elekthronikhi, isimo esisebenzayo se-DC se-semiconductor triode, ibhulokhi ehlanganisiwe (okuhlanganisa isici, izikhonkwane zedivayisi, i-voltage yokuphakelwa kwamandla), kanye nenani lokumelana kulayini lingalinganiswa nge-multimeter. Lapho inani elilinganisiwe lihluka kakhulu kunani elivamile, iphutha lingatholwa ngemva kokuhlaziywa. Ngendlela, indawo yokusebenza emile inganqunywa kusetshenziswa indlela yokufaka ye-oscilloscope "DC". Inzuzo yokusebenzisa i-oscilloscope ukuthi ukumelana kwangaphakathi kuphezulu, futhi ingabona isimo sokusebenza kwe-DC kanye ne-waveform yesiginali endaweni elinganisiwe ngesikhathi esifanayo, kanye namasignali okuphazamisa okungenzeka kanye nomsindo womsindo, okulungele kakhulu ekuhlaziyeni iphutha.
3.Indlela yokulandelela isignali:
Kumasekhethi ahlukahlukene ayinkimbinkimbi, i-amplitude ethile kanye nesignali yefrikhwensi efanelekile ingaxhunywa kokokufaka (isibonelo, i-amplifier enezigaba eziningi, isignali ye-sinusoidal ye-f, 1000 HZ ingaxhunywa ekufakweni kwayo). Kusukela esiteji esingaphambili ukuya esiteji esingemuva (noma okuphambene nalokho), bheka izinguquko ze-waveform ne-amplitude isinyathelo ngesinyathelo. Uma noma yisiphi isinyathelo singajwayelekile, iphutha likulelo zinga.
4. Indlela yokuqhathanisa:
Uma kunenkinga kusekethe, ungaqhathanisa amapharamitha alesi sekethi namapharamitha ajwayelekile afanayo (noma amanje ahlaziywe ngokwethiyori, i-voltage, i-waveform, njll.) ukuze uthole isimo esingavamile kusekethe, bese uhlaziya futhi uhlaziye. Nquma iphuzu lokwehluleka.
5. Indlela yokushintsha izingxenye:
Kwesinye isikhathi iphutha liyafihlwa futhi alibonakali ngokubuka nje. Uma unethuluzi lemodeli efanayo nethuluzi elingalungile ngalesi sikhathi, ungashintsha izingxenye, izingxenye, amabhodi e-plug-in, njll. ethuluzini ngezingxenye ezihambisanayo zethuluzi elingalungile ukuze usize ukunciphisa Ububanzi bephutha kanye thola umsuka wephutha.
6. Indlela yokudlula:
Uma kukhona i-oscillation ye-parasitic, ungasebenzisa i-capacitor enenani elifanele labagibeli, ukhethe indawo yokuhlola efanelekile, futhi uxhume okwesikhashana i-capacitor phakathi kwendawo yokuhlola nendawo ephansi yereferensi. Uma i-oscillation inyamalala, ibonisa ukuthi i-oscillation ikhiqizwa eduze kwalokhu noma isigaba sangaphambilini Kumjikelezo. Uma kungenjalo ngemuva nje, hambisa indawo yokuhlola ukuze uyithole. I-bypass capacitor kufanele ifaneleke futhi akufanele ibe nkulu kakhulu, inqobo nje uma ingaqeda kangcono izimpawu eziyingozi.
7. Indlela yesifunda esifushane:
Ingabe ukuthatha ingxenye yesifunda esifushane yesifunda ukuthola iphutha. Indlela ye-short-circuit iphumelela kakhulu ekuhloleni amaphutha e-open-circuit. Kodwa-ke, kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi ukunikezwa kwamandla (isekethe) akukwazi ukufinyezwa.
8. Indlela yokunqamula:
Indlela yesifunda evulekile iphumelela kakhulu ekuhloleni amaphutha wesifunda esifushane. Indlela yokunqamula futhi iyindlela yokunciphisa kancane kancane iphuzu elisolwayo lokwehluleka. Isibonelo, ngenxa yokuthi ukunikezwa kwamandla okulawulwayo kuxhunywe kumjikelezo ngephutha futhi okukhiphayo kukhulu kakhulu, sithatha indlela yokunqamula igatsha elilodwa lesekethe ukuze sihlole iphutha. Uma okwamanje kubuyela kokujwayelekile ngemva kokuba igatsha linqanyuliwe, iphutha lenzeka kuleli gatsha.